abrier
French
Alternative forms
- abriller
Etymology
From Middle French, from Old French abrier (“to cover”), itself mostly likely from Late Latin aprīcāre, from Latin aprīcārī, present active infinitive of aprīcor (“warm in the sun”), from aprīcus (“sunny”). The form abrier may have been of southern French origin, possibly via Old Occitan abriar (cf. the dialectal French form avrier). Compare Occitan, Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese abrigar.
Alternatively, and less likely, from a Late Latin abrīgāre (“to cover, shelter”), from a- + brīgāre, from Frankish *berīhan (“to cover, protect”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- + *wrīhaną (“to cover, clothe”), from Proto-Indo-European *werḱ-, *werǵ- (“to twist, weave, tie together”). Cognate with Old High German birīhan (“to cover”), Old English bewrēon (“to cover, enwrap, protect”). Compare Spanish abrigar, which may be related; alternatively, both may derive from a Latin aprīcō, aprīcāre.
Late Latin abrīgāre may have also been crossed with Frankish to take care of, protect, hide, from Proto-Germanic *berganą (“to care for”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care”), due to similarity in form and meaning[1]. If so, this would relate the word also to Old High German bergan (“to shelter”) (German bergen), and Old English beorgan (“to save, preserve”). More at borrow.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /a.bʁi.je/
Audio (file)
Verb
abrier
Conjugation
present participle | abriant /a.bʁi.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past participle | abrié /a.bʁi.je/ | ||||||
infinitive | |||||||
simple | abrier | ||||||
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
gerund1 | |||||||
simple | abriant /a.bʁi.jɑ̃/ | ||||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | abrie /a.bʁi/ |
abries /a.bʁi/ |
abrie /a.bʁi/ |
abrions /a.bʁi.jɔ̃/ |
abriez /a.bʁi.je/ |
abrient /a.bʁi/ |
imperfect | abriais /a.bʁi.jɛ/ |
abriais /a.bʁi.jɛ/ |
abriait /a.bʁi.jɛ/ |
abriions /a.bʁi.jɔ̃/ |
abriiez /a.bʁi.je/ |
abriaient /a.bʁi.jɛ/ | |
past historic2 | abriai /a.bʁi.je/ |
abrias /a.bʁi.ja/ |
abria /a.bʁi.ja/ |
abriâmes /a.bʁi.jam/ |
abriâtes /a.bʁi.jat/ |
abrièrent /a.bʁi.jɛʁ/ | |
future | abrierai /a.bʁi.ʁe/ |
abrieras /a.bʁi.ʁa/ |
abriera /a.bʁi.ʁa/ |
abrierons /a.bʁi.ʁɔ̃/ |
abrierez /a.bʁi.ʁe/ |
abrieront /a.bʁi.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | abrierais /a.bʁi.ʁɛ/ |
abrierais /a.bʁi.ʁɛ/ |
abrierait /a.bʁi.ʁɛ/ |
abrierions /a.bʁi.ʁjɔ̃/ |
abrieriez /a.bʁi.ʁje/ |
abrieraient /a.bʁi.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | abrie /a.bʁi/ |
abries /a.bʁi/ |
abrie /a.bʁi/ |
abriions /a.bʁi.jɔ̃/ |
abriiez /a.bʁi.je/ |
abrient /a.bʁi/ |
imperfect2 | abriasse /a.bʁi.jas/ |
abriasses /a.bʁi.jas/ |
abriât /a.bʁi.ja/ |
abriassions /a.bʁi.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
abriassiez /a.bʁi.ja.sje/ |
abriassent /a.bʁi.jas/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | abrie /a.bʁi/ |
— | abrions /a.bʁi.jɔ̃/ |
abriez /a.bʁi.je/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 Only usable with preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, the past historic, past anterior, imperfect subjunctive and pluperfect subjunctive tenses may be found to have been replaced with the indicative present perfect, indicative pluperfect, present subjunctive and past subjunctive tenses respectively (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Derived terms
References
- Diez, An etymological dictionary of the Romance languages; chiefly from the German, "Abrigo."
Further reading
- “abrier” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).
Old French
Etymology
Mostly likely from Late Latin apricāre, from Latin aprīcārī, present active infinitive of aprīcor (“warm in the sun”), from aprīcus (“sunny”). The form abrier may have been of southern French origin, possibly via Old Occitan abriar (cf. the dialectal French form avrier). Compare Occitan, Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese abrigar.
Alternatively, and less likely, from a Late Latin abrigāre (“to cover, shelter”), from a- + brigare, from Frankish *berīhan (“to cover, protect”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- + *wrīhaną (“to cover, clothe”), from Proto-Indo-European *werk'-, *werg'- (“to twist, weave, tie together”). Cognate with Old High German birīhan (“to cover”), Old English bewrēon (“to cover, enwrap, protect”). Compare Spanish abrigar, which may be related; alternatively, both may derive from a Latin aprīcō, aprīcāre.
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | abrier | avoir abrïé | |||||
gerund | en abriant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
present participle | abriant | ||||||
past participle | abrïé | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | abri | abrïes | abrïe | abrions | abrïez | abrïent |
imperfect | abrioie, abrïeie, abrioe, abrïeve | abrioies, abrïeies, abrioes, abrïeves | abrioit, abrïeit, abriot, abrïeve | abriiiens, abriiens | abriiiez, abriiez | abrioient, abrïeient, abrioent, abrïevent | |
preterite | abriai | abrias | abria | abriames | abriastes | abrïerent | |
future | abrïerai | abrïeras | abrïera | abrïerons | abrïeroiz, abrïereiz, abrïerez | abrïeront | |
conditional | abrïeroie, abrïereie | abrïeroies, abrïereies | abrïeroit, abrïereit | abrïeriiens, abrïeriens | abrïeriiez, abrïeriez | abrïeroient, abrïereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | abri | abris | abrit | abrions | abrïez | abrïent |
imperfect | abriasse | abriasses | abriast | abriissons, abriissiens | abriissoiz, abriissez, abriissiez | abriassent | |
compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | abrïe | — | abrions | abrïez | — |
Derived terms
Descendants
- French: abrier