Procarbazine

Procarbazine
Names
Trade namesMatulane, Natulan, Indicarb, others
IUPAC name
  • N-Isopropyl-4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzamide
Clinical data
Drug classAlkylating agent[1]
Main usesHodgkin's lymphoma, brain cancers[1]
Side effectsLow blood cell counts, vomiting[1]
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
    Routes of
    use    		By mouth (gel capsule), intravenous
    Defined daily dosenot established [2]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    US NLMProcarbazine
    MedlinePlusa682094
    Legal
    Legal status
    • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
    Pharmacokinetics
    Metabolismliver, kidney
    Elimination half-life10 minutes
    Excretionkidney
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC12H19N3O
    Molar mass221.304 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • O=C(c1ccc(cc1)CNNC)NC(C)C
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C12H19N3O/c1-9(2)15-12(16)11-6-4-10(5-7-11)8-14-13-3/h4-7,9,13-14H,8H2,1-3H3,(H,15,16) checkY
    • Key:CPTBDICYNRMXFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

    Procarbazine is a chemotherapy medication used for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma and brain cancers.[1] For Hodgkin's it is often used together with chlormethine, vincristine, and prednisone while for brain cancers such as glioblastoma multiforme it is used with lomustine and vincristine.[1] It is typically taken by mouth.[1]

    Common side effect include low blood cell counts and vomiting.[1] Other side effects include tiredness and depression.[3][4] It is not recommended in people with severe liver or kidney problems.[5] Use in pregnancy is known to harm the baby.[1] Procarbazine is in the alkylating agents family of medication.[1] How it works is not clearly known.[1]

    Procarbazine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1969.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] In the United Kingdom a month of treatment cost the NHS 450 to 750 pounds.[5]

    Medical uses

    When used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma, it is often delivered as part of the BEACOPP regimen that includes bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine (tradename Oncovin), prednisone, and procarbazine. The first combination chemotherapy developed for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), MOPP also included procarbazine (ABVD has supplanted MOPP as standard first line treatment for HL, with BEACOPP as an alternative for advanced/unfavorable HL). Alternatively, when used to treat certain brain tumors (malignant gliomas), it is often dosed as PCV when combined with lomustine (often called CCNU) and vincristine.

    Dosage

    The defined daily dose is not established.[2]

    Dose should be adjusted for kidney disease or liver disease.

    Side effects

    Very common (greater than 10% of people experience them) adverse effects include loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting.[3] Other side effects of unknown frequency include reduction in leukocytes, reduction in platelets, reduction in neutrophils, which can lead to increased infections including lung infections; severe allergy-like reactions that can lead to angioedema and skin reactions; lethargy; liver complications including jaundice and abnormal liver function tests; reproductive effects including reduction in sperm count and ovarian failure.[3]

    When combined with ethanol, procarbazine may cause a disulfiram-like reaction in some people.[3]

    It weakly inhibits MAO in the gastrointestinal system, so it can cause hypertensive crises if associated with the ingestion of tyramine-rich foods such as aged cheeses; this appears to be rare.[3]

    Procarbazine rarely causes chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy,[7] a progressive, enduring, often irreversible tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs.[8]

    Pharmacology

    Its mechanism of action is not fully understood. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide which results in the breaking of DNA strands.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Procarbazine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
    2. 1 2 "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Procarbazine Capsules 50mg – Summary of Product Characteristics". UK Electronic Medicines Compendium. 24 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
    4. ↑ World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 228. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
    5. 1 2 British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 606. ISBN 9780857111562.
    6. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
    7. ↑ Lisa M. DeAngelis; Jerome B. Posner (2003). "Nonmetastatic Complications". In Kufe DW; Pollock RE; Weichselbaum RR; et al. (eds.). Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (6th ed.). Hamilton (ON): BC Decker. Archived from the original on 2017-09-11.
    8. ↑ del Pino BM (Feb 23, 2010). "Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy". NCI Cancer Bulletin. 7 (4): 6. Archived from the original on 2011-12-11.
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