Isothiocyanate

General structure of an isothiocyanate.
General structure of an isothiocyanate.

Isothiocyanate is the chemical group –N=C=S, formed by substituting the oxygen in the isocyanate group with a sulfur. Many natural isothiocyanates from plants are produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinolates. These natural isothiocyanates, such as allyl isothiocyanate, are also known as mustard oils. An artificial isothiocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate, is used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.

Cruciferous vegetables, such as bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and others, are rich sources of glucosinolate precursors of isothiocyanates.[1] Although there has been some basic research on how isothiocyanates might exert biological effects in vivo, there is no high-quality evidence to date for its efficacy against human diseases.[1]

Structure

Typical angles for C-N=C and N=C=S linkages in aryl isothiocyanates are 165° and 177°, respectively. The N=C and C=S distances are 117 and 158 pms.[2]

Synthesis and reactions

Isothiocyanates are generally prepared by the reaction of a primary amine (e.g. aniline) and carbon disulfide in aqueous ammonia.[1] This combination results in precipitation of the solid ammonium dithiocarbamate salt, which is then treated with lead nitrate to yield the corresponding isothiocyanate.[3] Another method relies on a tosyl chloride mediated decomposition of dithiocarbamate salts that are generated in the first step above.[4]

Synthesis of phenyl isothiocyanate

Isothiocyanates may also be accessed via the thermally-induced fragmentation reactions of 1,4,2-oxathiazoles.[5] This synthetic methodology has been applied to a polymer-supported synthesis of isothiocyanates.[6]

The reaction of acetophenone enolate with phenyl isothiocyanate. In this one-pot synthesis[7] the ultimate reaction product is a Thiazolidine. This reaction is stereoselective with the formation of the Z-isomer only.

Reflecting their electrophilic character, isothiocyanates are susceptible to hydrolysis.

Flavor research

Isothiocyanates occur widely in nature and are of interest in food science and medical research.[1] Vegetable foods with characteristic flavors due to isothiocyanates include bok choy, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, wasabi, horseradish, mustard, radish, Brussels sprouts, watercress, papaya seeds, nasturtiums, and capers.[1] These species generate isothiocyanates in different proportions, and so have different, but recognizably related, flavors. They are all members of the order Brassicales, which is characterized by the production of glucosinolates, and of the enzyme myrosinase, which acts on glucosinolates to release isothiocyanates.[1]

  • Sinigrin is the precursor to allyl isothiocyanate
  • Glucotropaeolin is the precursor to benzyl isothiocyanate
  • Gluconasturtiin is the precursor to phenethyl isothiocyanate
  • Glucoraphanin is the precursor to sulforaphane

Coordination chemistry

Isothiocyanate and its linkage isomer thiocyanate are ligands in coordination chemistry. Thiocyanate is a more common ligand.

See also

  • Methyl isothiocyanate

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Isothiocyanates". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  2. ↑ Majewska, Paulina; Rospenk, Maria; Czarnik-Matusewicz, Bogusława; Kochel, Andrzej; Sobczyk, Lucjan; Dąbrowski, Roman (2008). "Structure and polarized IR spectra of 4-isothiocyanatophenyl 4-heptylbenzoate (7TPB)". Chemical Physics. 354 (1–3): 186–195. Bibcode:2008CP....354..186M. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.10.024.
  3. ↑ Dains FB; Brewster RQ; Olander CP (1926). "Phenyl Isothiocyanate". Organic Syntheses. 6: 72. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.006.0072.
  4. ↑ Wong, R; Dolman, SJ (2007). "Isothiocyanates from tosyl chloride mediated decomposition of in situ generated dithiocarbamic acid salts". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 72 (10): 3969–3971. doi:10.1021/jo070246n. PMID 17444687.
  5. ↑ O'Reilly, RJ; Radom, L (2009). "Ab initio investigation of the fragmentation of 5,5-diamino-substituted 1,4,2-oxathiazoles". Organic Letters. 11 (6): 1325–1328. doi:10.1021/ol900109b. PMID 19245242.
  6. ↑ Burkett, BA; Kane-Barber, JM; O'Reilly, RJ; Shi, L (2007). "Polymer-supported thiobenzophenone : a self-indicating traceless 'catch and release' linker for the synthesis of isothiocyanates". Tetrahedron Letters. 48 (31): 5355–5358. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.025.
  7. ↑ Ortega-Alfaro, M. C.; López-Cortés, J. G.; Sánchez, H. R.; Toscano, R. A.; Carrillo, G. P.; Álvarez-Toledano, C. (2005). "Improved approaches in the synthesis of new 2-(1, 3-thiazolidin-2Z-ylidene)acetophenones". Arkivoc. 2005 (6): 356–365. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0006.631.
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