Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine Encevac
Vaccine description
Target diseaseJapanese encephalitis
TypeKilled/attenuated
Names
Trade namesIxiaro, Imojev
Clinical data
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1[1]
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)[1]
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    MedlinePlusa607019
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status

    Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis.[2] The vaccines are more than 90% effective.[2] The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time.[2] Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[2]

    It is recommended as part of routine immunizations in countries where the disease is a problem.[2] One or two doses are given depending on the version of the vaccine.[2] This should be completed at least a week before exposure.[3] Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common.[2] Otherwise doses can be given after a year and after 10 years.[4] In those with HIV/AIDS or those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used.[2] Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas where the disease is common is recommended.[2]

    The vaccines are relatively safe.[2] Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection.[2] As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available:[2] some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus.[2]

    The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6] In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD for a course of immunizations.[7] In the UK it costs the NHS around £120 for a course, as of 2022.[4] In Canada it costs about $CAD480 as of 2023.[8]

    Medical uses

    Efficacy

    Randomized control trials on JE-VAX have shown that a two-dose schedule provides protection for one year.[9]

    Dosage

    For those over the age of two, 0.5 ml injected into a muscle in used.[10] For those between the ages of 2 month and 2 years 0.25 ml is used.[10]

    History

    Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.[5] One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (the Nakayama and/or Beijing-1 strain), made by BIKEN and marketed by Sanofi Pasteur as JE-VAX, until production ceased in 2005. The other was an inactivated vaccine cultivated on primary hamster kidney cells (the Beijing-3 strain). The Beijing-3 strain was the main variant of the vaccine used in the People's Republic of China from 1968 until 2005.[11]

    Three second-generation vaccines have entered markets since then: SA14-14-2, IC51 and ChimeriVax-JE. The live-attenuated SA14-14-2 strain was introduced in China in 1988. It is much cheaper than alternative vaccines, and is administered to 20 million Chinese children each year.[9]

    A purified, formalin-inactivated, wholevirus vaccine known as IC51 (marketed in Australia and New Zealand as JESPECT and elsewhere as IXIARO) was licensed for use in the United States, Australia, and Europe during the spring of 2009. It is based on a SA14-14-2 strain and cultivated in Vero cells.[11] In September 2012, the Indian firm Biological E. Limited launched an inactivated cell culture derived vaccine based on SA 14-14-2 strain which was developed in a technology transfer agreement with Intercell and is a thiomersal-free vaccine.[12][13]

    Another vaccine, a live-attenuated yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis chimeric vaccine known as ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV) was licensed for use in Australia in August 2010[14] and in Thailand in December 2012.[15]

    References

    1. 1 2 Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 World Health Organization (February 2015). "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines: WHO position paper – February 2015". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 90 (9): 69–87. hdl:10665/242325. PMID 25726573.
    3. ↑ Prevatt, Natalie; Behrens, Ron H. (2021). "23. Paediatric vaccines for travel outside Europe". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
    4. 1 2 "14. Vaccines". British National Formulary (BNF) (82 ed.). London: BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. September 2021 – March 2022. p. 1390. ISBN 978-0-85711-413-6.
    5. 1 2 Paulke-Korinek, M; Kollaritsch, H (2008). "Japanese encephalitis and vaccines: past and future prospects". Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 120 (19-20 Suppl 4): 15–9. doi:10.1007/s00508-008-1071-9. PMID 19066766. Furthermore, vaccines against JEV have been available since the 1930s.
    6. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
    7. ↑ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 315. ISBN 9781284057560.
    8. ↑ "Travel Clinic Fees". Nova Travel Clinic. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
    9. 1 2 Schiøler KL, Samuel M, Wai KL (2007). "Vaccines for preventing Japanese encephalitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD004263. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004263.pub2. PMC 6532601. PMID 17636750.
    10. 1 2 "Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
    11. 1 2 Halstead SB, Thomas SJ (April 2010). "Japanese encephalitis: new options for active immunization". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (8): 1155–64. doi:10.1086/651271. PMID 20218889.
    12. ↑ "Jeev an inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccine launched in Hyderabad". pharmabiz.com. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
    13. ↑ Alison Bryant (17 September 2012). "Intercell's Jeev vaccine debuts in India". Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
    14. ↑ Halstead SB, Thomas SJ (March 2011). "New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain". Expert Rev Vaccines. 10 (3): 355–64. doi:10.1586/erv.11.7. PMID 21434803.
    15. ↑ "Drug joint venture plans new vaccine". Bangkok Post. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
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