Leucism

Leucistic white lions owe their colouring to a recessive allele. Note the eyes and lips remain the normal colour. Studies have shown that the reduced pigment comes from a mutation in the gene for tyrosinase, the same as causes Type I oculocutaneous albinism in humans.[1]
All-white dominant white horse with pink skin, brown eyes, and white hooves.
This white horse owes its coloring to a dominant allele (dominant white).
A leucistic rock pigeon. Both the eyes and legs are still of the normal colour.

Leucism (/ˈluːsɪzəm, -kɪz-/)[2][3][4] is a wide variety of conditions that result in the partial loss of pigmentation in an animal—causing white, pale, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, or cuticles, but not the eyes.[4] It is occasionally spelled leukism. Some genetic conditions that result in a "leucistic" appearance include piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, isabellinism, and Melanophilin mutations. Pale patches of skin, feathers, or fur (often referred to as "depigmentation") can also result from injury.[5]

Details

(video) A white tiger at Tobu Zoo, in Saitama, Japan. This phenotype is due to a mutation in the same gene that results in Type IV Oculocutaneous albinism in humans.[6]

Leucism is often used to describe the phenotype that results from defects in pigment cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to skin, hair, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all pigment cells fail to develop) or patches of body surface (if only a subset are defective) having a lack of cells that can make pigment.

Since all pigment cell-types differentiate from the same multipotent precursor cell-type, leucism can cause the reduction in all types of pigment. This is in contrast to albinism, for which leucism is often mistaken. Albinism results in the reduction of melanin production only, though the melanocyte (or melanophore) is still present. Thus in species that have other pigment cell-types, for example xanthophores, albinos are not entirely white, but instead display a pale yellow color.

More common than a complete absence of pigment cells is localized or incomplete hypopigmentation, resulting in irregular patches of white on an animal that otherwise has normal coloring and patterning. This partial leucism is known as a "pied" or "piebald" effect; and the ratio of white to normal-colured skin can vary considerably not only between generations, but between different offspring from the same parents, and even between members of the same litter. This is notable in horses, cows, cats, dogs, the urban crow[7] and the ball python[8] but is also found in many other species.

Due to the lack of melanin production in both the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and iris, those affected by albinism sometimes have pink pupil due to the underlying blood vessels showing through. However, this is not always the case and many albino animals do not have pink pupils.[9] The common belief that all albinos have pink pupils results in many albinos being incorrectly labeled as 'leucistic'. The neural crest disorders that cause leucism do not result in pink pupils and therefore most leucistic animals have normally colored eyes. This is because the melanocytes of the RPE do not derive from the neural crest. Instead, an out-pouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup that, in turn, forms the retina. As these cells are from an independent developmental origin, they are typically unaffected by the genetic cause of leucism.

Genetics

Genes that, when mutated, can cause leucism include c-kit,[10] mitf[11] and EDNRB.[12]

Etymology

The terms leucistic and leucism are derived from medical terminology (leuc- + -ism). The stem leuc- is the Latin variant of leuk- from the Greek leukos meaning "white" (see Stedman’s, Dorland’s or Taber’s medical dictionaries).

Examples in nature

Leucism has been noted in a number of animal species, including:

  • European hedgehog
  • Kermode bear
  • White buffalo
  • Kenyan white giraffe
  • Seneca white deer
  • Leucistic giraffes in Kenya (14 December 2017)[13]
  • White stag
  • American Alligator
  • Moose[14]
  • Killer whale
  • King cobra
  • Mute swan, 'Polish swan', Cygnus olor morpha immutabilis[15]
  • Black-billed magpie
  • American crow
    An American crow with leucism. The wings are whiter than the rest of the body, and the eyes and bill are black.
  • King penguin
  • English magpie
  • Atlantic puffin[16]

Examples in fiction and mythology

  • Moby Dick
  • White stag
  • Kimba the White Lion
  • Father of the Pride
  • Kung Fu Panda 2

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cho, Yun Sung; Hu, Li; Hou, Haolong; Lee, Hang; Xu, Jiaohui; Kwon, Soowhan; Oh, Sukhun; Kim, Hak-Min; Jho, Sungwoong; Kim, Sangsoo; Shin, Young-Ah (2013-09-17). "The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2433. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2433C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3433. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3778509. PMID 24045858.
  2. ↑ "leucistic". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  3. ↑ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
  4. 1 2 "leucism". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
  5. ↑ "Depigmentation of Skin: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  6. ↑ chemport.cas.org https://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&action=reflink&origin=npg&version=1.0&coi=1:CAS:528:DC%252BC3sXotlGksbg%253D&md5=1ee737efa06deefbbb993e3412a921a0. Retrieved 2020-06-23. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ↑ White crows at Cornell University.
  8. ↑ Piebald ball pythons at Constrictors.com (archived 9 October 2006, from the original, accessed 18–22 July 2006).
  9. ↑ "Oculocutaneous Albinism". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  10. ↑ Coat color, dominant white at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals.
  11. ↑ An L1 element intronic insertion in the black-eyed white (Mitf[mi-bw]) gene: the loss of a single Mitf isoform responsible for the pigmentary defect and inner ear deafness at Human Molecular Genetics.
  12. ↑ Waardenburg syndrome at Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology (archived 26 December 2005, from the original, accessed 18–22 July 2006).
  13. ↑ Johnson, Thomas (14 September 2017). "Rare white giraffes spotted in Kenya". Washington Post. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  14. ↑ "Skogens vita konung (eng. "The White King of the Forest") - documentary tv programme". Swedish Television. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  15. ↑ Taylor, Moss (January 2018). "The Polish swan in Britain & Ireland". British Birds. 111 (1): 10–24.
  16. ↑ "Rare white puffin spotted on Scottish island". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  17. ↑ Ritland, Kermit; Newton, Craig; Marshall, H. Dawn (2001-09-18). "Inheritance and population structure of the white-phased "Kermode" black bear". Current Biology. 11 (18): 1468–1472. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00448-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 11566108. S2CID 15846139.
  18. ↑ Peters, Lucy; Humble, Emily; Kröcker, Nicole; Fuchs, Birgit; Forcada, Jaume; Hoffman, Joseph I. (2016-07-22). "Born blonde: a recessive loss‐of‐function mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (16): 5705–5717. doi:10.1002/ece3.2290. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4983585. PMID 27547348.
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