Oculocutaneous albinism

Oculocutaneous albinism
Other names: OCA
Four affected individuals, note the color of skin, hair and iris

Oculocutaneous albinism is a form of albinism involving the eyes (oculo-), the skin (-cutaneous), and the hair.[1] Overall, an estimated 1 in 20,000 people worldwide are born with oculocutaneous albinism.[1] OCA is caused by mutations in several genes that control the synthesis of melanin within the melanocytes.[2] Seven types of oculocutaneous albinism have been described, all caused by a disruption of melanin synthesis and all autosomal recessive disorders.[3][4][5]: 864  Oculocutaneous albinism is also found in non-human animals.

Types

The following types of oculocutaneous albinism have been identified in humans.

NameOMIMGeneDescription
OCA1 203100
606952		TYROCA1 is caused by mutations of the tyrosinase gene, and can occur in two variations. The first is OCA1a, and means that the organism cannot synthesize melanin whatsoever.[6] The hair is usually white (often translucent) and the skin is very pale. Vision usually ranges from 20/200 to 20/400. The second is OCA1b, which has several subtypes itself.[7][8] Some individuals with OCA1b can tan and also develop pigment in the hair.[9] One subtype of OCA1b is called OCA1b TS (temperature sensitive), where the tyrosinase can only function below a certain temperature, which causes the body hair in cooler body regions to develop pigment (i.e. get darker). (An equivalent mutation produces the points pattern in Siamese cats.[10]) Another variant of OCA1b, called Albinism, yellow mutant type, is more common among the Amish than in other populations. It results in blonde hair and the eventual development of skin pigmentation during infancy, though at birth is difficult to distinguish from other types.[7][11] About 1 in 40,000 people have some form of OCA1.[12]
OCA2 203200OCA2The most common type of albinism is caused by mutation of the P gene. People with OCA2 generally have more pigment and better vision than those with OCA1, but cannot tan like some with OCA1b. A little pigment can develop in freckles or moles.[9] People with OCA2 usually have fair skin, but are often not as pale as OCA1. They have pale blonde to golden, strawberry blonde, or even brown hair, and most commonly blue eyes. Affected people of African descent usually have a different phenotype (appearance): yellow hair, pale skin, and blue, gray or hazel eyes. About 1 in 15,000 people have OCA2.[13][12] The gene MC1R doesn't cause OCA2, but does affect its presentation.[1]
OCA3 203290TYRP1Has only been partially researched and documented. It is caused by mutation of the tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1) gene. Cases have been reported in Africa and New Guinea. Affected individuals typically have red hair, reddish-brown skin and blue or gray eyes. Variants may include rufous oculocutaneous albinism (ROCA or xanthism). The incidence rate of OCA3 is unknown.[14][12]
OCA4 606574SLC45A2Is very rare outside Japan, where OCA4 accounts for 24% of albinism cases. OCA4 can only be distinguished from OCA2 through genetic testing, and is caused by mutation of this membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) gene.[15][12] Several German patients were identified in 2004.[16]
OCA5 615312OCA5 was identified in a Pakistani family with "golden-colored hair, white skin, nystagmus, photophobia, foveal hypoplasia, and impaired visual acuity, regardless of their sex and age". Genetic analysis localized the defect to human chromosome region 4q24, but failed to identify a candidate gene.[17][18]
OCA6 113750SLC24A5One of the rarest forms of OCA, OCA6 was detected in Chinese individuals but is not thought to be limited to this ethnicity. It is heterogeneous in its effect of hair color, and results from mutations in the SLC24A5 gene, a membrane transporter that plays a role in pigmentation in a range of vertebrate species.[18][19]
OCA7 615179C10orf11OCA7 was originally characterized in a family from the Faroe Islands, but was subsequently identified in a Lithuanian patient. It is characterized by lighter pigmentation and significant effects on the eye, including decreased visual acuity and misrouting of neuronal tracks through the optic chiasm. It is due to mutation of a gene of unknown function, C10orf11 (11th uncharacterized open reading frame on chromosome 10, OMIM: 614537).[18][20]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Oculocutaneous albinism". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  2. ↑ "Orphanet: Oculocutaneous albinism". Orphanet. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  3. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #615179 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE VII; OCA7". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  4. ↑ Grønskov K, Ek J, Brondum-Nielsen K (2007). "Oculocutaneous albinism". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 2. Article 43. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-43. PMC 2211462. PMID 17980020.
  5. ↑ James WD, Berger T, Elston DM (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10 ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  6. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #203100 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IA; OCA1A". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  7. 1 2 "OMIM Entry - #606952 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IB; OCA1B". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  8. ↑ Mendez, Rodrigo; Iqbal, Sumaiya; Vishnopolska, Sebastián; Martinez, Cinthia; Dibner, Glenda; Aliano, Rocio; Zaiat, Jonathan; Biagioli, Germán; Fernandez, Cecilia; Turjanski, Adrian; Campbell, Arthur J.; Mercado, Graciela; Marti, Marcelo A. (18 February 2021). "Oculocutaneous albinism type 1B associated with a functionally significant tyrosinase gene polymorphism detected with Whole Exome Sequencing". Ophthalmic Genetics. 0 (0): 1–5. doi:10.1080/13816810.2021.1888129.
  9. 1 2 King RA, Summers G, Haefemeyer JW, LeRoy B (2009). "Facts about Albinism". Archived from the original on 15 February 2009.
  10. ↑ Giebel LB, Tripathi RK, King RA, Spritz RA (March 1991). "A tyrosinase gene missense mutation in temperature-sensitive type I oculocutaneous albinism. A human homologue to the Siamese cat and the Himalayan mouse". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 87 (3): 1119–1122. doi:10.1172/JCI115075. PMC 329910. PMID 1900309.
  11. ↑ Peracha MO, Eliott D, Garcia-Valenzuela E (13 September 2005). Gordon K 3rd, Talavera F, Rowsey JJ, Brown LL, Roy H Sr (eds.). "Ocular Manifestations of Albinism". eMedicine. WebMD. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Boissy RE, Nordlund JJ (22 August 2005). Ortonne JP, Vinson RP, Perry V, Gelfand JM, James WD (eds.). "Albinism". eMedicine. WebMD. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2007.
  13. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #203200 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE II; OCA2". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  14. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #203290 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE III; OCA3". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  15. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #606574 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE IV; OCA4". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  16. ↑ Rundshagen U, Zühlke C, Opitz S, Schwinger E, Käsmann-Kellner B (February 2004). "Mutations in the MATP gene in five German patients affected by oculocutaneous albinism type 4". Human Mutation. 23 (2): 106–110. doi:10.1002/humu.10311. PMID 14722913.
  17. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #615312 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE V; OCA5". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  18. 1 2 3 Montoliu L, Grønskov K, Wei A, Martínez-García M, Fernández A, Arveiler B, Morice-Picard F, Riazuddin S, Suzuki T, Ahmed Z, Rosenberg T, Li W (January 2014). "Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism". Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. 27 (1): 11–18. doi:10.1111/pcmr.12167. PMID 24066960.
  19. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #113750 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE VI; OCA6". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  20. ↑ "OMIM Entry - #615179 - ALBINISM, OCULOCUTANEOUS, TYPE VII; OCA7". Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 20 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
Classification
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