Hypermethioninemia

Hypermethioninemia
Methionine
SpecialtyMedical genetics

Hypermethioninemia is an excess of the amino acid methionine, in the blood. This condition can occur when methionine is not broken down properly in the body.[1]

Signs and symptoms

The presentation for Hypermethioninemia is usually none. However, in some cases individuals may have:[2]

Genetics

Hypermethioninemia can have different inheritance patterns. This condition is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder each carry one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder.

Hypermethioninemia is occasionally inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In these cases, an affected person usually has one parent with the condition.

Pathophysiology

Inherited hypermethioninemia that is not associated with other metabolic disorders can be caused by shortages in the enzymes that break down methionine. These enzymes are produced from the MAT1A, GNMT and AHCY genes. The reactions involved in metabolizing methionine help supply some of the amino acids needed for protein production. These reactions are also involved in transferring methyl groups, consisting of a carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms, from one molecule to another (transmethylation), which is important in many cellular processes.

  • The MAT1A gene provides instructions for producing the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase. This enzyme converts methionine into a compound called S-adenosylmethionine.
  • The GNMT gene provides instructions for making the enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase. This enzyme starts the next step in the process, converting S-adenosylmethionine to a compound called S-adenosyl homocysteine.
  • The AHCY gene provides instructions for producing the enzyme S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. This enzyme converts the S-adenosyl homocysteine into the compound homocysteine. Homocysteine may be converted back to methionine or into another amino acid, cysteine.

A deficiency of any of these enzymes results in a buildup of methionine in the body, and may cause signs and symptoms related to hypermethioninemia.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic flow-chart in individuals with hypermethioninemia[3]

People with hypermethioninemia often do not show any symptoms. Some individuals with hypermethioninemia exhibit learning disabilities, mental retardation, and other neurological problems; delays in motor skills such as standing or walking; sluggishness; muscle weakness; liver problems; unusual facial features; and their breath, sweat, or urine may have a smell resembling boiled cabbage.

Hypermethioninemia can occur with other metabolic disorders, such as homocystinuria, tyrosinemia and galactosemia, which also involve the faulty breakdown of particular molecules. It can also result from liver disease or excessive dietary intake of methionine from consuming large amounts of protein or a methionine-enriched infant formula.

Treatment

In terms of the treatment for Hypermethioninemia dietary methionine and cystine restriction are required (and supplementation of pyridoxine)[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "hypermethioninemia". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  2. ↑ "Hypermethioninemia: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  3. ↑ Barić, Ivo; Staufner, Christian; Augoustides-Savvopoulou, Persephone; Chien, Yin-Hsiu; Dobbelaere, Dries; Grünert, Sarah C.; Opladen, Thomas; Petković Ramadža, Danijela; Rakić, Bojana; Wedell, Anna; Blom, Henk J. (January 2017). "Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of inherited methylation disorders". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 40 (1): 5–20. doi:10.1007/s10545-016-9972-7. ISSN 1573-2665. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  4. ↑ Edmondson, Andrew C.; Bennett, Michael J. (1 January 2021). "Chapter 14 - Biochemical genetic disorders". Biochemical and Molecular Basis of Pediatric Disease (Fifth Edition). Academic Press. pp. 439–476. ISBN 978-0-12-817962-8. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
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