Slipping rib syndrome

Slipping rib syndrome
Other names: Cyriax syndrome, clicking rib, painful rib syndrome, displaced ribs, interchondral subluxation[1][2]
Illustration of slipping rib syndrome
SpecialtyThoracic surgery, sports medicine
SymptomsPain at the lower aspect of the rib cage with arm movement, leaning over, or coughing[3]
ComplicationsChronic pain, depression[4][5]
CausesUnclear[2]
Risk factorsHypermobility, trauma
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and examination[5]
Differential diagnosisTietze syndrome, pleurisy, gallstone disease, rib fracture, precordial catch syndrome, xiphodynia[5]
TreatmentRest, NSAIDs, physical therapy, nerve blocks, surgery[6][3]
PrognosisGenerally good[1]
FrequencyUncommon[6]

Slipping rib syndrome (SRS) is a condition in which the false ribs are overly mobile.[6] Symptoms include sharp pain at the lower aspect of the rib cage or in the abdomen with arm movement, leaning over, or coughing.[3][5] Pain is often long term in nature.[7] Complications may include depression.[5]

The cause is typically unclear.[2] Risk factors include genetics and prior injury.[5] Those who play contact sports are more commonly affected.[5] The underlying mechanism involves weakness of the costal cartilage that results in greater than normal movement of the 8th to 12th ribs and thus irritation of the intercostal nerves.[3][7] Diagnosis is based on placing the fingers around the lower aspect of the rib cage and pulling outwards.[6] If this results in a "click", movement, and the person's pain the condition is suspected.[6] Diagnosis may also be supported by ultrasound.[6]

Treatment may involve rest, NSAIDs, physical therapy, nerve blocks, and occasionally surgery to remove the involved cartilage.[6][3] Outcomes are generally good.[1] Though some cases may last year.[2]

Slipping rib syndrome is uncommon, with estimated that it represents about 1-5% of lower chest and upper abdominal pain due to musculoskeletal causes.[7][2] It is believed to be frequently misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed.[4] Middle aged adults are most commonly affected.[5] Women may be more commonly affected than men.[5] It was first described by Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax in 1919, while the current name came into use in 1922.[5][2]

Symptoms and signs

Anatomy of the rib cage

The presentation of slipping rib syndrome varies for each individual and can present at one or both sides of the rib cage, with symptoms appearing primarily in the abdomen and back.[8] Pain is most commonly presented as episodic and varies from a minor nuisance to severely impacting quality of life.[7][9] It has been reported for symptoms to last minutes to hours.[8][10]

One of the commonly reported symptoms of this condition is the sensation of "popping" or "clicking" of the lower ribs as a result of subluxation of the cartilaginous joints.[7][8] Individuals with SRS report an intense, sharp pain that can radiate from the chest to the back, and may be reproducible by pressing on the affected rib(s).[9][11] A dull, aching sensation has also been reported by some affected individuals.[8] Certain postures or movements may exacerbate the symptoms, such as stretching, reaching, coughing, sneezing, lifting, bending, sitting, sports activities, and respiration.[7][8][9] There have also been reports of vomiting and nausea associated with the condition.[12]

Risk factors

The causes of slipping rib syndrome are unclear,[13] although several risk factors have been suggested. The condition often accompanies a history of physical trauma. This observation could explain reports of the condition among athletes, as they are at increased risk for trauma, especially for certain full-contact sports such as hockey, wrestling, and American football.[12] There have also been reports of slipping rib syndrome among other athletes, such as swimmers, which could plausibly result from repetitive upper body movements coupled with high physical demands.[8][14]

Reported incidents in which no history of traumatic impact to the chest wall has been described are considered a gradual onset.[13] Slipping rib syndrome may also result from the presence of a birth defect, such as an unstable bifid rib.[14] Generalized hypermobility has also been suggested to be a possible further risk factor.[8]

Diagnosis

The "hooking maneuver" being performed on a model skeleton.

Diagnosing slipping rib syndrome is predominantly based on symptoms and examination.[15][16] A technique known as the "hooking maneuver" is commonly used amongst medical professionals to diagnose slipping rib syndrome. The examiner will hook their fingers under the costal margin, then pull in an anterior (outward) and superior (upward) direction, with a positive result when movement or pain is replicated during this action.[12]

Plain radiographs, CT scans, MRI, and standard ultrasound, are all unable to visualize the cartilage affected by SRS; however, they are often used to exclude other conditions.[8] Dynamic ultrasound is occasionally used to evaluate the dynamic laxity or displacement of the cartilage;[15] however, it has been said to be not much superior to that of a physical examination from an experienced physician, as a diagnosis is dependent on the technician's expertise and knowledge of the condition.[14] A positive result of a dynamic ultrasound for slipping rib syndrome requires an observed subluxation of the cartilage, which may be elicited with the Valsalva, crunch, or other maneuvers.[17][18] Nerve blocking injections have also been utilized as a diagnostic method by noting the absence of pain following an injection to the intercostal nerves of the affected ribs.[19][16]

Differential diagnosis

Slipping rib syndrome is often confused with costochondritis and Tietze syndrome, as they also involve the cartilage of the thoracic wall. Costochondritis is a common cause of chest pain, consisting of up to 30% of chest pain complaints in emergency departments. The pain is typically diffused with the upper costochondral or sternocostal junctions most frequently involved, unlike slipping rib syndrome, which involves the lower rib cage. Tietze syndrome differs from these conditions as it is often associated with swelling and swelling of the costochondral, sternocostal, and sternoclavicular joints, whereas individuals with slipping rib syndrome or costochondritis will exhibit no swelling. Tietze syndrome typically involves the second and third ribs and is usually a result of infectious, rheumatologic, or neoplastic processes.[11]

A condition referred to as twelfth rib syndrome is similar to slipping rib syndrome; however, it affects the floating ribs (11-12) which do not have any attachments to the sternum. Some researchers classify slipping rib syndrome and twelfth rib syndrome into a group referred to as painful rib syndrome, others classify twelfth rib syndrome as a subtype of slipping rib syndrome, and some considering the two to be separate conditions altogether. The two disorders have different presentation and diagnostic criteria, such that a diagnosis for twelfth rib syndrome does not include the hooking maneuver and typically presents as lower back, abdominal, and groin pain.[20]

Other differential diagnosis includes pleurisy, rib fracture, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, esophagitis, and hepatosplenic abnormalities.[9]

Treatment

Treatment modalities for slipping rib syndrome range from conservative measures to surgical procedures.

Conservative

Conservative measures are often the first forms of treatment offered to patients with slipping rib syndrome, especially those in which symptoms are minor.[21] Often the patients will be reassured and recommended to limit activity, use ice, and take pain medication such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).[9] Further measures such as osteopathic manipulation treatment (OMT), physical therapy, chiropractic treatment, and acupuncture, are other non-invasive methods that have been used to treat SRS, with the goal of these treatments typically being relief or symptom management. Topical medications are occasionally used, such as Diclofenac gel and lidocaine transdermal patches, which have been noted to provide temporary relief of symptoms.[8][16]

Nerve blocks

Minimally invasive procedures have been used for individuals with moderate slipping rib syndrome.[9] Nerve blocking injections consisting of steroidal or local anesthetic agents have been commonly reported as a treatment to avoid surgical intervention.[9][13] This minimally invasive intervention is seen as temporary, with repeated injections necessary to prevent the resurgence of symptoms.[9][16]

Surgery

10th rib resection over 10 cm.

Surgical intervention is often performed in cases where other treatment modalities have failed to provide a solution.[12][16] There are 4 types of surgical procedures noted in current literature: costal cartilage removal, rib resection, laparoscopic costal cartilage removal, and rib stabilization with plating.[7]

Costal cartilage removal, or excision, was first attempted in 1922 by Davies-Colley and has been the technique used by several surgeons since then. This method of surgical repair includes removal of the cartilage affected from the sternum to the boned portion of the rib, with or without preserving the perichondrium. Rib resection differentiates from costal cartilage removal as it removes a small bone portion of the affected rib(s).[7] Laparoscopic costal cartilage removal is a minimally invasive, intra-abdominal approach to treating the condition. The affected cartilage is excised from the sternocostal junction to the costochondral junction.[22] It is to be noted that within studies that have performed these procedures, some individuals may experience recurrence of symptoms.[7]

An alternative technique known as rib stabilization with plating is used to prevent subluxation of the affected rib(s) while preserving thorax mobility. It was first used to treat individuals who have undergone previous resection surgeries but experienced a recurrence of symptoms. In this procedure, the ribs are stabilized using a bio-absorbable plate that is anchored onto a stable non-affected rib located above the affected rib(s). The plates are vertically placed onto the ribs and secured using non-absorbable sutures.[7][23]

Epidemiology

Slipping rib syndrome is considered to be underdiagnosed and frequently overlooked.[7][24] Past literature has noted the condition to be rare or uncommon, but one 1980 study estimated SRS to have 1% of clinical diagnoses in new patients at a general medicine clinic and 5% at a specialty gastroenterology clinic, with the prevalence being even higher for people referred to the specialty clinic after multiple negative investigations.[7][25] A separate study from 1993 found that slipping rib syndrome accounted for 3% of new referrals to a mixed specialty general medicine and gastroenterology clinic.[26]

It is unclear whether SRS is more common in women as some studies report an equal gender distribution while others report the condition to occur more often in females.[7][26][25] It has been suggested by some researchers that there is a hormonal connection between hormones and the increased ligament laxity observed in females during pregnancy, though this theory has yet to be upheld or explored.[16]

History

Slipping rib syndrome was first mentioned in 1919 by Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax, an orthopedic physician and physiotherapist, who described a chest pain associated with a "popping" or "clicking" sensation.[14][27] The condition has used multiple names since then, including Cyriax syndrome, clicking rib syndrome, painful rib syndrome, interchondral subluxation, and displaced ribs.[1] The name "slipping rib syndrome" was first used by surgeon Robert Davies-Colley and gained popularity, becoming the most commonly quoted term for the condition.[13] Davies-Colley was also the first to describe an operation for slipping rib syndrome, a costal cartilage removal.[8][28]

The "hooking maneuver" was noted in 1977 by Heinz & Zavala to be useful for slipping rib syndrome as an accurate diagnostic method.[9][29]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Gregory PL, Biswas AC, Batt ME (2002). "Musculoskeletal Problems of the Chest Wall in Athletes". Sports Medicine. 32 (4): 235–50. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232040-00003. ISSN 0112-1642. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kaski, Juan Carlos; Eslick, Guy D.; Merz, C. Noel Bairey (20 March 2013). Chest Pain with Normal Coronary Arteries: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4471-4838-8. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Foley Davelaar, CM (1 March 2021). "A Clinical Review of Slipping Rib Syndrome". Current sports medicine reports. 20 (3): 164–168. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000821. PMID 33655998.
  4. 1 2 Turcios, NL (March 2017). "Slipping Rib Syndrome: An elusive diagnosis". Paediatric respiratory reviews. 22: 44–46. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.05.003. PMID 27245407.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fares, MY; Dimassi, Z; Baydoun, H; Musharrafieh, U (February 2019). "Slipping Rib Syndrome: Solving the Mystery of the Shooting Pain". The American journal of the medical sciences. 357 (2): 168–173. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2018.10.007. PMID 30509726.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mott, T; Jones, G; Roman, K (1 July 2021). "Costochondritis: Rapid Evidence Review". American family physician. 104 (1): 73–78. PMID 34264599.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Beltsios ET, Adamou A, Kontou M, Panagiotopoulos N (April 2021). "Surgical Management of the Slipping Rib Syndrome". SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 3 (6): 1404–11. doi:10.1007/s42399-021-00886-4. ISSN 2523-8973. S2CID 233247861. Archived from the original on 2021-11-21. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McMahon, LE (June 2018). "Slipping Rib Syndrome: A review of evaluation, diagnosis and treatment". Seminars in Pediatric Surgery. 27 (3): 183–8. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2018.05.009. PMID 30078490. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Turcios, NL (March 2017). "Slipping Rib Syndrome: An elusive diagnosis". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 22: 44–6. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2016.05.003. PMID 27245407. Archived from the original on 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  10. ↑ Kraychete DC, Tadeu Tesseroli de Siqueira J, Batista Garcia J, Kimiko Sakata R, Maria Sousa Â, Ciampi de Andrade D, Regina Mariotto Zakka T, Jacobsen Teixeira M (March 2017). "Clinical evidence on visceral pain. Systematic review". Sociedade Brasileira Para O Estudo da Dor (in English and português do Brasil). 18 (1): 65–71. doi:10.5935/1806-0013.20170014. ISSN 1806-0013. Archived from the original on 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  11. 1 2 Ahmed HS, Shah KB, Pal DJ (January 2021). Atypical Chest Wall Pain. Interventional Management of Chronic Visceral Pain Syndromes. Elsevier. pp. 157–61. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-75775-1.00004-0. ISBN 978-0-323-75775-1. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Obourn PJ, Benoit J, Brady G, Campbell E, Rizzone K (March 2021). "Sports Medicine-Related Breast and Chest Conditions-Update of Current Literature". Current Sports Medicine Reports. 20 (3): 140–9. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000824. ISSN 1537-8918. PMID 33655995. S2CID 232103016.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Kaski JC, Eslick GD, Bairey Merz CN (2013). Chest pain with normal coronary arteries: a multidisciplinary approach. Springer. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4471-4838-8. OCLC 832729043. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Mazzella A, Fournel L, Bobbio A, Janet-Vendroux A, Lococo F, Hamelin EC, Icard P, Alifano M (October 2019). "Costal cartilage resection for the treatment of slipping rib syndrome (Cyriax syndrome) in adults". Journal of Thoracic Disease. 12 (1): 10–16. doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.07.83. PMC 6995823. PMID 32055418. Archived from the original on 2021-12-05. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  15. 1 2 Van Tassel D, McMahon LE, Riemann M, Wong K, Barnes C (May 2019). "Dynamic ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with suspected slipping rib syndrome". Skeletal Radiology. 48 (5): 741–51. doi:10.1007/s00256-018-3133-z. ISSN 0364-2348. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Foley CM, Sugimoto D, Mooney DP, Meehan WP, Stracciolini A (January 2019). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Slipping Rib Syndrome". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 29 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000506. ISSN 1050-642X. PMID 29023277. S2CID 24736718. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  17. ↑ Zbojniewicz, AM (September 2014). "US for Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Conditions in the Young Athlete: Emphasis on Dynamic Assessment". RadioGraphics. 34 (5): 1145–62. doi:10.1148/rg.345130151. ISSN 0271-5333. PMID 25208273.
  18. ↑ Smereczyński A, Kołaczyk K, Bernatowicz E (December 2017). "Chest wall – underappreciated structure in sonography. Part II: Non-cancerous lesions". Journal of Ultrasonography. 17 (71): 275–80. doi:10.15557/JoU.2017.0040. PMC 5769668. PMID 29375903. Archived from the original on 2021-08-07. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  19. ↑ Saltzman DA, Schmitz ML, Smith SD, Wagner CW, Jackson RJ, Harp S (November 2001). "The slipping rib syndrome in children". Pediatric Anesthesia. 11 (6): 740–3. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.2001.00754.x. ISSN 1155-5645. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  20. ↑ Urits I, Noor N, Fackler N, Fortier L, Berger AA, Kassem H, Kaye AD, Colon MA, Miriyala S, Viswanath O (January 2021). "Treatment and Management of Twelfth Rib Syndrome: A Best Practices Comprehensive Review". Pain Physician. 24 (1): E45–E50. ISSN 2150-1149. PMID 33400437. Archived from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  21. ↑ Fares M, Dimassi Z, Baydoun H, Musharrafieh U (October 2018). "Slipping Rib Syndrome: Solving the Mystery of the Shooting Pain". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 357 (2): 168–73. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2018.10.007. PMID 30509726. S2CID 54554663. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  22. ↑ Bonasso PC, Petrus SN, Smith SD, Jackson RJ (March 2018). "Sternocostal slipping rib syndrome". Pediatric Surgery International. 34 (3): 331–3. doi:10.1007/s00383-017-4221-1. ISSN 1437-9813. PMID 29214341. S2CID 3386549. Archived from the original on 2018-06-02. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  23. ↑ McMahon, LE (March 2019). "Recurrent Slipping Rib Syndrome: Initial Experience with Vertical Rib Stabilization Using Bioabsorbable Plating". Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 30 (3): 334–7. doi:10.1089/lap.2019.0519. PMID 31895629. Archived from the original on 2021-07-11. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  24. ↑ Squillaro AI, Sanders K, Onwubiko C, Chang CJ, Kim S (November 2020). "Laparoscopic Treatment of Slipping Rib Syndrome in Pediatric Patients". Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 30 (11): 1253–6. doi:10.1089/lap.2020.0314. ISSN 1092-6429. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  25. 1 2 Wright, JT (September 1980). "SLIPPING-RIB SYNDROME". The Lancet. 316 (8195): 632–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(80)90294-9. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  26. 1 2 Scott EM, Scott BB (July 1993). "Painful rib syndrome--a review of 76 cases". Gut. 34 (7): 1006–8. doi:10.1136/gut.34.7.1006. ISSN 0017-5749. PMC 1374244. PMID 8344569.
  27. ↑ Cyriax, EF (1919). "On various conditions that may simulate the referred pains of visceral disease, and a consideration of these from the point of view of cause and effect". Practitioner. 102: 314–32.
  28. ↑ Davies-Colley, R (March 1922). "Slipping Rib". Br Med J. 1 (3194): 432. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3194.432. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 2415737. PMID 20770640. Archived from the original on 2021-09-14. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  29. ↑ Heinz, GJ (February 1977). "Slipping Rib Syndrome: Diagnosis Using the "Hooking Maneuver"". JAMA. 237 (8): 794. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03270350054023. ISSN 0098-7484. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
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