Tequiraca language
Tequiraca (Tekiráka), also known as Abishira (Avishiri)* and Aiwa (Aewa, Aʔɨwa) and Ixignor,[1] is a language spoken in Peru. In 1925 there were between 50 and 80 speakers in Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha (connected with the Napo River). It is presumed extinct some time in the mid 20th century, though in 2008 two rememberers were found and 160 words and short sentences were recorded.[2] Today, most ethnic Aiwa people have shifted to Kichwa and Spanish.[3]
| Tequiraca | |
|---|---|
| Aiwa, Aewa | |
| Abishira | |
| Region | Peru |
| Extinct | ca. mid-20th century |
Tequiraca–Canichana?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ash |
| Glottolog | abis1238 |
| ELP | Tequiraca |
The little data available show it to not be closely related to other languages, though a distant connection to Canichana was proposed by Kaufman (1994).
*Other spellings are Auishiri, Agouisiri, Avirxiri, Abiquira, Abigira; it has also been called Ixignor and Vacacocha.
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Taushiro, likely as a result of prehistoric contact within the circum-Marañón interaction sphere.[4]
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal/Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ñ | ŋ |
||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | k | q | |
| Aspirated | ||||||
| Ejective | p' | t' | k' | q' | ||
| Affricate | č | |||||
| Fricative | s | x | ||||
| Approximant | Central | v | j | w | ||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
| Sonorant | ||||||
| Rhotic | r |
A single apostrophe ['] indicates glottalization of the corresponding consonant
A double apostrophe [''] indicates aspiration
Vowels
| A | I | U | O | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | /a/ | /i/ | /u/ | /o/ | /ɛ/, /e/ |
| long | /aː/ | /i:/ | /u:/ | /o:/ | /ɛː/, /eː/ |
[:] is the verbalizer
| Glides |
|---|
| /y/ |
| /w/ |
Vocabulary
Michael & Beier (2012)
Aiwa lexical items listed in Michael & Beier (2012):[6]
gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) ‘(my) husbandʼ (kun) aˈʃap ‘(my) headʼ (kun) ˈhuti ‘(my) brotherʼ (kun) auˈʃaʔ ‘(my) kneeʼ (kun) kuˈpɨnu ‘1st person pronounʼ kun ‘2nd person pronounʼ kin ‘3rd person pronoun, demonstrativeʼ jan ‘agoutiʼ aʃˈpali ‘alone, singleʼ iˈʃam ‘approachʼ jaˈsik ‘autonymʼ aˈʔɨwa ‘ayahuascaʼ lukˈʔãk ‘barbasco (fish poison)ʼ maˈlahi ‘basketʼ ˈhaʔu ‘bathe!ʼ haɾ kin tsuk ‘bigʼ tuˈkut ‘big headʼ hutuˈluk ‘big-bellied personʼ aˈɾuh tʃuˈluk ‘bird sp. (woodpecker)ʼ isaˈɾawi ‘bird sp. (paujil)ʼ wiˈkoɾõ ‘bird sp. (partridge)ʼ hũʔˈʃũlũ ‘bird sp. (pucacunga)ʼ ɾoˈʔele ‘bird sp. (vaca muchacho)ʼ kʷãˈʔũli ‘blue and yellow macawʼ alkahˈneke ‘breastʼ aˈkiʃ ‘caimanʼ amˈhala ‘canoeʼ aˈtɾewa ‘capuchin monkey sp.ʼ ɾũtɾũˈkʲãwã ‘capuchin monkey sp.’ waˈnaha ‘cat sp. (tigrillo)ʼ hũhũkũˈpãʔ ‘cleared pathʼ tasˈʔãʔĩ ‘clothingʼ kuhˈpaw ‘coatiʼ ʃakˈɾaɾa ‘come!ʼ ˈsikʷas ‘cooking fireʼ asˈkʷãwa ‘cornʼ suˈkala ‘cottonʼ nuiˈnui ‘deerʼ atɾiˈwaʔa ‘earthʼ ahulˈtaʔ ‘eat!ʼ iˈtakʷas ‘eyeʼ jaˈtuk ‘firewoodʼ wiɾuˈkawa ‘gardenʼ tahaˈɾũʔũ ‘giveʼ ɨˈwɨt ‘have sexʼ hiˈtʃinuas ‘hereʼ ˈhiɾwas ‘hitʼ ˈpɨwas ‘I am bathingʼ kun inˈtsukwas ‘jaguarʼ miˈala ‘leafʼ iˈɾapi ‘little womanʼ aslantaˈnia ‘little, a little bitʼ iˈʃikta ‘masato, yuca beerʼ nutˈnɨt ‘monk saki monkey sp.ʼ kʷɨˈɾiɾi ‘mosquitoʼ wiˈʃala ‘noʼ ˈtʃahtaɾ ‘non-indigenous personʼ ˈpaɾi ‘penisʼ jatˈhaka ‘pepperʼ aˈlaha ‘potato varietyʼ jaunaˈhi ‘red macawʼ milahˈneke ‘seeʼ uˈkaik ‘snakeʼ auˈʔek ‘squirrel monkeyʼ siˈaʔa ‘stingray sp.ʼ hamˈham ‘stingray sp.ʼ makɾaˈlasi ‘sugar caneʼ raiwãˈʔãk ‘sun, moon, Godʼ akɾeˈwak ‘tamarin monkeyʼ aslʲaˈʔãũ ‘tapirʼ ˈsahi ‘treeʼ ˈau ‘white-lipped peccaryʼ ɾaˈkãʔõ ? niˈkʲaw
Table comparing Aiwa (Tequiraca) with Waorani, Iquito, and Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì; Orejón) from Michael & Beier (2012):[6]
gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) Waorani Iquito Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì) white-lipped peccary ɾaˈkãʔõ ˈɨɾæ̃ anitáaki bɨ́ɾɨ́ tapir ˈsahi ˈtitæ pɨsɨ́kɨ békɨ́ collared peccary iˈhaɾa ˈãmũ kaáʃi káókwã̀ deer atɾiˈwaʔ koˈwãnʲɪ ʃikʲáaha nʲámà, bósá red macaw milahˈneke ˈæ̃wæ̃ anápa má mosquito wiˈʃala ˈgʲijɪ anaáʃi mɨ́tè (my) mother (kun) ˈama ˈbaɾã áni, (ki) niatíha (jì) hàkò, bɨ́ákò (my) father (kun) ha ˈmæ̃mpo ákɨ, (ki) kakɨ́ha (jì) hàkɨ̀, bɨ́ákɨ̀ person, compatriot aˈʔɨwa waɨɤˈɾãni árata ɨyáana mã́ĩ́ (my) husband (kun) aˈʃap nãnɨˈɡæ̃ŋã ahaáha, (ki) níjaaka (jì) ɨ̃́hɨ̃́ head ˈhuti ɨˈkabu ánaka tʃṍbɨ̀ ear ʃuˈɾala ɨ̃nɨ̃ˈmɨ̃ŋka túuku ɡã́hòɾò breast aˈkiʃ ɤɨˈɨ̃mæ̃ ʃipɨɨ́ha óhéjò pepper (hot or sweet) aˈlaha ˈɡʲĩmũ napɨ́ki bíà cotton nuiˈnui ˈdajɨ̃ sɨ́wɨ jɨ́í leaf iˈɾapi ɨ̃ˈnʲabu, ɨdʲɨ̃ iímɨ, naámɨ hàò plantain aˈlaʔa pæ̃ˈæ̃næ̃ samúkʷaati ò corn suˈkala kaˈɤĩŋɨ̃ siíkiraha béà cooking fire asˈkʷãwa ˈɡɨ̃ŋa iinámi tóà canoe aˈtɾewa ˈwipu iímina jóù house atˈku, atˈkua ˈɨ̃ŋkɨ̃ íita wè firewood wiɾuˈkawa tɪ̃ˈnɪ̃wæ̃ háraki héká yuca or corn beer nutˈnɨt ˈtɪpæ̃ itíniiha gónó stone nuˈklahi ˈdika sawíha ɨ́nò, ɡɨ́nò sun akreˈwak ˈnæ̃ŋkɪ nunamíja mã́ĩ̀ small iˈʃikta ˈɡʲiijã sɨsanuríka jàɾì what? iˈkiɾi kʲĩnɨ̃ saáka ɨ̃́ɡè where? ˈnahɾi æjɨ̃ˈmɨ̃nɨ̃ tɨɨ́ti káɾó no ˈtʃahtar ˈwĩĩ kaa -mà come! sik, ˈsikʷas ˈpũɪ aníma dáímà
Sources
- Harald Hammarström, 2010, 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: AWSHIRI
- Michael, Lev; Beier, Christine. (2012). Phonological sketch and classification of Aewa. (Manuscript).
- Earlier lexical sources
- Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: Grundlegende Forschungen für eine Systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co. (112 lexical items)
- Espinoza, Lucas. 1955. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas peruano. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún. (17 lexical items)
- Villarejo, Avencio. 1959. La selva y el hombre. Editorial Ausonia. (93 lexical items)
References
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- "Cabeceras Aid Project Winter 2010 Update". Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5.
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- Cole, Peter; Hermon, Gabriella; Martin, Mario Daniel (1994). Language in the Andes. United States of America: Latin American Studies. pp. 301–317.
- Michael, Lev and Christine Beier. 2012. Phonological sketch and classification of Aʔɨwa [ISO 639: ash]. Paper presented at the 2012 Winter meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), Portland, OR, January 6, 2012.
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