Tequiraca language

Tequiraca (Tekiráka), also known as Abishira (Avishiri)* and Aiwa (Aewa, Aʔɨwa) and Ixignor,[1] is a language spoken in Peru. In 1925 there were between 50 and 80 speakers in Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha (connected with the Napo River). It is presumed extinct some time in the mid 20th century, though in 2008 two rememberers were found and 160 words and short sentences were recorded.[2] Today, most ethnic Aiwa people have shifted to Kichwa and Spanish.[3]

Tequiraca
Aiwa, Aewa
Abishira
RegionPeru
Extinctca. mid-20th century
Language codes
ISO 639-3ash
Glottologabis1238
ELPTequiraca

The little data available show it to not be closely related to other languages, though a distant connection to Canichana was proposed by Kaufman (1994).

*Other spellings are Auishiri, Agouisiri, Avirxiri, Abiquira, Abigira; it has also been called Ixignor and Vacacocha.

Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Taushiro, likely as a result of prehistoric contact within the circum-Marañón interaction sphere.[4]

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Dental/Alveolar Palatal/Postalveolar Velar Uvular
Nasal m n ñ ŋ
Plosive Voiceless p t k q
Aspirated
Ejective p' t' k' q'
Affricate č
Fricative s x
Approximant Central v j w
Lateral l ʎ
Sonorant
Rhotic r

A single apostrophe ['] indicates glottalization of the corresponding consonant

A double apostrophe [''] indicates aspiration

Vowels

A I U O E
short /a/ /i/ /u/ /o/ /ɛ/, /e/
long /aː/ /i:/ /u:/ /o:/ /ɛː/, /eː/

[:] is the verbalizer

Glides
/y/
/w/

[5]

Vocabulary

Michael & Beier (2012)

Aiwa lexical items listed in Michael & Beier (2012):[6]

glossAiwa (aˈʔɨwa)
‘(my) husbandʼ(kun) aˈʃap
‘(my) headʼ(kun) ˈhuti
‘(my) brotherʼ(kun) auˈʃaʔ
‘(my) kneeʼ(kun) kuˈpɨnu
‘1st person pronounʼkun
‘2nd person pronounʼkin
‘3rd person pronoun, demonstrativeʼjan
agoutiʼaʃˈpali
‘alone, singleʼiˈʃam
‘approachʼjaˈsik
‘autonymʼaˈʔɨwa
ayahuascaʼlukˈʔãk
‘barbasco (fish poison)ʼmaˈlahi
‘basketʼˈhaʔu
‘bathe!ʼhaɾ kin tsuk
‘bigʼtuˈkut
‘big headʼhutuˈluk
‘big-bellied personʼaˈɾuh tʃuˈluk
‘bird sp. (woodpeckerisaˈɾawi
‘bird sp. (paujilwiˈkoɾõ
‘bird sp. (partridgehũʔˈʃũlũ
‘bird sp. (pucacungaɾoˈʔele
‘bird sp. (vaca muchachokʷãˈʔũli
blue and yellow macawʼalkahˈneke
‘breastʼaˈkiʃ
caimanʼamˈhala
‘canoeʼaˈtɾewa
capuchin monkey sp.ʼɾũtɾũˈkʲãwã
capuchin monkey sp.’waˈnaha
‘cat sp. (tigrillohũhũkũˈpãʔ
‘cleared pathʼtasˈʔãʔĩ
‘clothingʼkuhˈpaw
coatiʼʃakˈɾaɾa
‘come!ʼˈsikʷas
‘cooking fireʼasˈkʷãwa
‘cornʼsuˈkala
‘cottonʼnuiˈnui
‘deerʼatɾiˈwaʔa
‘earthʼahulˈtaʔ
‘eat!ʼiˈtakʷas
‘eyeʼjaˈtuk
‘firewoodʼwiɾuˈkawa
‘gardenʼtahaˈɾũʔũ
‘giveʼɨˈwɨt
‘have sexʼhiˈtʃinuas
‘hereʼˈhiɾwas
‘hitʼˈpɨwas
‘I am bathingʼkun inˈtsukwas
‘jaguarʼmiˈala
‘leafʼiˈɾapi
‘little womanʼaslantaˈnia
‘little, a little bitʼiˈʃikta
‘masato, yuca beerʼnutˈnɨt
monk saki monkey sp.ʼkʷɨˈɾiɾi
‘mosquitoʼwiˈʃala
‘noʼˈtʃahtaɾ
‘non-indigenous personʼˈpaɾi
‘penisʼjatˈhaka
‘pepperʼaˈlaha
‘potato varietyʼjaunaˈhi
red macawʼmilahˈneke
‘seeʼuˈkaik
‘snakeʼauˈʔek
squirrel monkeyʼsiˈaʔa
stingray sp.ʼhamˈham
stingray sp.ʼmakɾaˈlasi
‘sugar caneʼraiwãˈʔãk
‘sun, moon, Godʼakɾeˈwak
tamarin monkeyʼaslʲaˈʔãũ
tapirʼˈsahi
‘treeʼˈau
white-lipped peccaryʼɾaˈkãʔõ
 ?niˈkʲaw

Table comparing Aiwa (Tequiraca) with Waorani, Iquito, and Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì; Orejón) from Michael & Beier (2012):[6]

glossAiwa (aˈʔɨwa)WaoraniIquitoMaijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì)
white-lipped peccaryɾaˈkãʔõˈɨɾæ̃anitáakibɨ́ɾɨ́
tapirˈsahiˈtitæpɨsɨ́kɨbékɨ́
collared peccaryiˈhaɾaˈãmũkaáʃikáókwã̀
deeratɾiˈwaʔkoˈwãnʲɪʃikʲáahanʲámà, bósá
red macawmilahˈnekeˈæ̃wæ̃anápa
mosquitowiˈʃalaˈgʲijɪanaáʃimɨ́tè
(my) mother(kun) ˈamaˈbaɾãáni, (ki) niatíha(jì) hàkò, bɨ́ákò
(my) father(kun) haˈmæ̃mpoákɨ, (ki) kakɨ́ha(jì) hàkɨ̀, bɨ́ákɨ̀
person, compatriotaˈʔɨwawaɨɤˈɾãniárata ɨyáanamã́ĩ́
(my) husband(kun) aˈʃapnãnɨˈɡæ̃ŋãahaáha, (ki) níjaaka(jì) ɨ̃́hɨ̃́
headˈhutiɨˈkabuánakatʃṍbɨ̀
earʃuˈɾalaɨ̃nɨ̃ˈmɨ̃ŋkatúukuɡã́hòɾò
breastaˈkiʃɤɨˈɨ̃mæ̃ʃipɨɨ́haóhéjò
pepper (hot or sweet)aˈlahaˈɡʲĩmũnapɨ́kibíà
cottonnuiˈnuiˈdajɨ̃sɨ́wɨjɨ́í
leafiˈɾapiɨ̃ˈnʲabu, ɨdʲɨ̃iímɨ, naámɨhàò
plantainaˈlaʔapæ̃ˈæ̃næ̃samúkʷaatiò
cornsuˈkalakaˈɤĩŋɨ̃siíkirahabéà
cooking fireasˈkʷãwaˈɡɨ̃ŋaiinámitóà
canoeaˈtɾewaˈwipuiíminajóù
houseatˈku, atˈkuaˈɨ̃ŋkɨ̃íita
firewoodwiɾuˈkawatɪ̃ˈnɪ̃wæ̃hárakihéká
yuca or corn beernutˈnɨtˈtɪpæ̃itíniihagónó
stonenuˈklahiˈdikasawíhaɨ́nò, ɡɨ́nò
sunakreˈwakˈnæ̃ŋkɪnunamíjamã́ĩ̀
smalliˈʃiktaˈɡʲiijãsɨsanuríkajàɾì
what?iˈkiɾikʲĩnɨ̃saákaɨ̃́ɡè
where?ˈnahɾiæjɨ̃ˈmɨ̃nɨ̃tɨɨ́tikáɾó
noˈtʃahtarˈwĩĩkaa-mà
come!sik, ˈsikʷasˈpũɪanímadáímà

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Auishiri.[1]

glossAuishiri
oneismáwa
twokismáõ
heada-waréke
eyeo-toroã
womanaslané
fireyaháong
sunakroák
maizesukála
houseatkúa
whitesukeé

Sources

  • Harald Hammarström, 2010, 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183
  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: AWSHIRI
  • Michael, Lev; Beier, Christine. (2012). Phonological sketch and classification of Aewa. (Manuscript).
Earlier lexical sources
  • Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: Grundlegende Forschungen für eine Systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co. (112 lexical items)
  • Espinoza, Lucas. 1955. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas peruano. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún. (17 lexical items)
  • Villarejo, Avencio. 1959. La selva y el hombre. Editorial Ausonia. (93 lexical items)

References

  1. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. "Cabeceras Aid Project Winter 2010 Update". Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  3. Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5.
  4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  5. Cole, Peter; Hermon, Gabriella; Martin, Mario Daniel (1994). Language in the Andes. United States of America: Latin American Studies. pp. 301–317.
  6. Michael, Lev and Christine Beier. 2012. Phonological sketch and classification of Aʔɨwa [ISO 639: ash]. Paper presented at the 2012 Winter meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), Portland, OR, January 6, 2012.
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