Chifeng

Chifeng (Chinese: 赤峰市), also known as Ulanhad (Mongolian: ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Улаанхад хот), Ulaɣanqada qota, [ʊlaːnxad xɔt], "red cliff"), is a prefecture-level city in Southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol League to the north and west, Tongliao to the northeast, Chaoyang (Liaoning) to the southeast and Chengde (Hebei) to the south. The city has a total administrative area of 90,275 square kilometres (34,855 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, had a population of 4,035,967 inhabitants (4,341,245 in 2010). However, 1,175,391 of those residents lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts of Hongshan and Songshan, as Yuanbaoshan is not conurbated yet.[2] However, a large part of Songshan is still rural and Yuanbaoshan is a de facto separate town 27 kilometers away from the core district of Chifeng. The city was the administrative center of the defunct Ju Ud League (昭乌达盟; ᠵᠤᠤ ᠤᠳᠠ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ).

Chifeng
赤峰市 • ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
Prefecture-level city
Chifeng Railway Station
Chifeng Railway Station
Location of Chifeng City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia
Location of Chifeng City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia
Chifeng is located in Inner Mongolia
Chifeng
Chifeng
Location of the city centre in Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 42°15′25″N 118°53′17″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
Autonomous regionInner Mongolia
Municipal seatHongshan District
Area
 • Prefecture-level city90,275 km2 (34,855 sq mi)
 • Urban
 [1]
7,012 km2 (2,707 sq mi)
 • Metro
6,125 km2 (2,365 sq mi)
Elevation
586 m (1,923 ft)
Population
 (2020 census[2])
 • Prefecture-level city4,035,967
 • Density45/km2 (120/sq mi)
 • Urban
 [1]
1,460,381
 • Urban density210/km2 (540/sq mi)
 • Metro
1,175,391
 • Metro density190/km2 (500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
024000
Area code0476
ISO 3166 codeCN-NM-04
Licence plate prefixes蒙D
Websitewww.chifeng.gov.cn
Chifeng
Chinese name
Chinese赤峰
Hanyu PinyinChìfēng
Literal meaningred peak
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicУлаанхад хот
Mongolian scriptᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ

History
The C-shaped jade dragon of the Hongshan Culture

According to archeological studies, human occupation of the Chifeng area can be traced back at least ten thousand years, and Neolithic cultural history can be traced back nearly eight thousand years. Representative ruins and relics of Hongshan Culture, Grassland Bronze Culture, Khitan Liao Culture and Mongol-Yuan Culture have been discovered in Chifeng. The ruins of an ancient village, named Xinglongwa, and the biggest jade dragon unearthed in the area are noted as "the first village" and "the first dragon" by some. The discovery of ruins and relics of ancient cultures have come from more than 6,800 sites. Named after Chifeng's Hongshan District, Hongshan Culture was a Neolithic culture in northeastern China, whose sites have been found mainly in Chifeng, and dated from about 4700 to 2900 BC.[3]

Chifeng was the political, economic and cultural center of the Liao Dynasty, therefore, the amount of ruins and relics of the Liao Dynasty in Chifeng is ranked the most important in China. During the Qing Dynasty, today's Chifeng region was under the administration of 'Ju Ud League', one of the six original Leagues in Inner Mongolia. Mongolian Banners (county level regions) were organized into conventional assemblies at the league level. In republican era, Chifeng was under the administration of Rehe Province, along with parts of today's Liaoning and Hebei including Chaoyang and Chengde. After the Mukden Incident in 1931, the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo was established in Hsinking (today's Jilin provincial capital Changchun), and Juud League was captured by Manchukuo in 1933.[4] Chifeng was established as the third largest city of Rehe Province after Chengde and Chaoyang. After Operation August Storm, the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group entered Chifeng. After Rehe Province was rendered defunct in 1955, Chifeng was placed administratively under the newly established Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region under CCP rule, whose provincial seat was previously at Ulanhot and transferred to Zhangjiakou and then Hohhot in the 1950s. In the 1970s, going by the name Juud League, Chifeng was under the administration of Liaoning province. After 1979, Chifeng was under Inner Mongolian rule, and Juud League was dissolved on October 10, 1983.

Geography
Hongshan, the "Red Hill", from which Chifeng received its name.

Chifeng is situated along the upper reaches of the Xiliao River. Within its area are the southwesternmost extension of the Greater Khingan, the Inner Mongolia Plateau as well as the Xiliao River Plain, and finally the northernmost extent of the Yan Mountains. Bordering prefecture-level divisions are Tongliao to the northeast, Chaoyang (Liaoning) to the southeast, Chengde (Hebei) to the south, and the Xilingol League and to the west. From north to south Chifeng City stretches 457.5 km (284.3 mi), while from east to west it stretches 375 km (233 mi). Elevations decrease from a high of 2,067 m (6,781 ft) in the west to less than 300 m (980 ft) in the east.

Climate

Chifeng has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, continental semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), with long, cold, windy, but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly mean temperatures range from −10.4 °C (13.3 °F) in January to 23.7 °C (74.7 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 7.82 °C (46.1 °F). Nearly half of the year's rainfall occurs in July and August, and even then dry and sunny weather dominates the city. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 55% in July to 71% in January and February, sunshine is abundant year-round, and the city receives 2,866 hours of bright sunshine annually, about 65% of the possible total.

Climate data for Chifeng (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.3
(52.3)		 20.4
(68.7)		 28.2
(82.8)		 33.8
(92.8)		 39.0
(102.2)		 39.8
(103.6)		 40.4
(104.7)		 37.8
(100.0)		 34.6
(94.3)		 29.4
(84.9)		 22.2
(72.0)		 15.6
(60.1)		 40.4
(104.7)
Average high °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4)		 1.2
(34.2)		 8.1
(46.6)		 17.0
(62.6)		 24.0
(75.2)		 27.8
(82.0)		 29.6
(85.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 23.7
(74.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 5.4
(41.7)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 14.7
(58.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.2
(13.6)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 0.9
(33.6)		 9.8
(49.6)		 17.2
(63.0)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.8
(74.8)		 22.1
(71.8)		 16.5
(61.7)		 8.5
(47.3)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 7.8
(46.1)
Average low °C (°F) −15.9
(3.4)		 −12.6
(9.3)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 3.0
(37.4)		 10.4
(50.7)		 15.5
(59.9)		 18.5
(65.3)		 16.6
(61.9)		 10.1
(50.2)		 2.4
(36.3)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −13.7
(7.3)		 1.8
(35.3)
Record low °C (°F) −27.8
(−18.0)		 −26.5
(−15.7)		 −23.9
(−11.0)		 −13.9
(7.0)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 3.0
(37.4)		 11.0
(51.8)		 5.5
(41.9)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 −11.1
(12.0)		 −22.8
(−9.0)		 −25.9
(−14.6)		 −27.8
(−18.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.2
(0.05)		 2.5
(0.10)		 6.7
(0.26)		 18.4
(0.72)		 36.6
(1.44)		 69.5
(2.74)		 114.6
(4.51)		 73.1
(2.88)		 32.1
(1.26)		 21.0
(0.83)		 6.7
(0.26)		 1.3
(0.05)		 383.7
(15.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.5 1.6 2.8 4.2 7.5 12.7 12.9 10.1 6.9 4.1 2.8 1.4 68.5
Average snowy days 2.3 2.4 3.4 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.8 2.2 16.5
Average relative humidity (%) 44 40 37 37 39 55 65 66 57 49 49 47 49
Mean monthly sunshine hours 215.4 219.3 261.9 262.6 287.5 264.8 267.0 272.7 257.2 244.6 203.8 200.9 2,957.7
Percent possible sunshine 73 73 70 65 63 58 58 64 70 72 70 71 67
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[5][6]
Source 2: Weather China, [7] Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes)[8]

Administrative divisions
Map including Chifeng (labeled as CH'IH-FENG 赤峰 (WU-LAN-HA-TA)) (AMS, 1951)

Chifeng has three districts, two counties and seven banners:

Map
# Name Mongolian Chinese characters Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km2) Density (/km2)
1 Hongshan District ᠬᠦᠩ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Küŋ šan toɣoriɣ)		 红山区 Hóngshān Qū 434,785 170 1,765
2 Yuanbaoshan District ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Yuvan boo šan toɣoriɣ)		 元宝山区 Yuánbǎoshān Qū 325,170 887 327
3 Songshan District ᠰᠦᠩ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ
(Süŋ šan toɣoriɣ)		 松山区 Sōngshān Qū 573,571 5,955 91
4 Ningcheng County ᠨᠢᠩᠴᠧᠩ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ
(Niŋčėŋ siyan)		 宁城县 Níngchéng Xiàn 546,845 4,305 139
5 Linxi County ᠯᠢᠨᠰᠢ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ
(Linsi siyan)		 林西县 Línxī Xiàn 200,619 3,933 61
6 Ar Horqin Banner ᠠᠷᠤ ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Aru Qorčin qosiɣu)		 阿鲁科尔沁旗 Ālǔkē'ěrqìn Qí 272,205 14,555 21
7 Bairin Left Banner
(Bairin Jun Banner)		 ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Baɣarin Jegün qosiɣu)		 巴林左旗 Bālín Zuǒ Qí 327,765 6,713 52
8 Bairin Right Banner
(Bairin Barun Banner)		 ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Baɣarin Baraɣun qosiɣu)		 巴林右旗 Bālín Yòu Qí 175,543 9,837 18
9 Hexigten Banner ᠬᠡᠰᠢᠭᠲᠡᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Kesigten qosiɣu)		 克什克腾旗 Kèshíkèténg Qí 211,155 20,673 12
10 Ongniud Banner ᠣᠩᠨᠢᠭᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Oŋniɣud qosiɣu)		 翁牛特旗 Wēngniútè Qí 433,298 11,882 40
11 Harqin Banner ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Qaračin qosiɣu)		 喀喇沁旗 Kālāqìn Qí 293,246 3,071 120
12 Aohan Banner ᠠᠤᠬᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
(Auqan qosiɣu)		 敖汉旗 Áohàn Qi 547,043 8,294 71

Demographics

In 2004, Chifeng had 4,435,737 inhabitants (49.14 per km2).

Ethnic group population share
Han 3,441,581 77.58%
Mongols 830,357 18.72%
Manchu 128,656 2.9%
Hui 31,122 0.7%
Koreans 1,614 0.04%
Zhuang 402 0.01%
Daur 386 0.01%
Other 1,619 0.04%

Economy
Chifeng Museum

During the period of "the 10th Five-Year Plan", Chifeng conducted the strategy of "found the municipality by ecology, strengthen the municipality by industry, prosper the municipality by science and education", by strengthening the development of resources, and seizing the historic opportunity of Western Development.

Following the strategy, Chifeng began tightening up ecological and infrastructure construction, actively promoting the process of agricultural and animal husbandry industrialization, industrialization and urbanization, greatly encouraging the development of service industry and county-level economy, trying to expand the general economy volume, increasing industry level, and enhancing the core competition.

As a result, the social economy development quickly. Currently, the industrial economic system dominated with minerals, energy, medicines and foods and the agricultural and animal husbandry industrialization development structure dominated with meat, milk, vegetables and grass in Chifeng has been initially taking into shape. Chifeng has become the base of agriculture and animal husbandry and industry of the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. Compared with those of the end of "the 9th Five-Year Plan", GDP of the municipality, average regional GDP and the fiscal income doubled, the investment of fixed asset quadrupled.

In 2005, GDP of the municipality reached 34.56 billion Yuan, fiscal income reached 3.15 billion Yuan, the investment of fixed asset reached 23.1 billion Yuan, the general retail amount of social consumption reached 13.7 billion Yuan, the urban per capita disposable income came to 7,572 Yuan and average pure income of farmers and herdsmen was 2,817 Yuan. Chifeng had been cited as "Pacesetter of National Sand Control and Ecological Construction", "National Sanitary City", "National Model City of supporting army and cherishing the people", "National Perfect Tourism City", "National perfect City in Social Security", "Perfect Area of Spiritual Civilization" and "China's 50 Credit security areas in investment environment".

During "11th Five-Year Plan", Chifeng is further conducting the development strategy of "found the municipality by ecology, strengthen the municipality by industry, prosper the municipality by science and education", by speeding up the process of new type industrialization, Agriculture and animal husbandry industrialization and urbanization, putting stress on industrial economy, project construction and investment introduction, in order to conscientiously increase fiscal income, average income of urban residents and farmers, try to create harmonious Chifeng.

It is planned that, by 2010, GDP will come to 85 billion Yuan, by around 20% up averagely; fiscal income will come to 10 billion Yuan, around 26% up averagely. Through the fast development during "11th Five-year Plan", Chifeng will be built as a producing base of green agricultural and animal husbandry products, energy supply base accessing to northeastern and northern China, important raw material and deep-processing base of nonferrous metal, tourism site of grassland, central city and goods interflow center between Inner Mongolia and Hebei.

Mineral resources

In mineral resources, there are over 70 mineral deposits. The area is rich in coal, oil and gas; nonferrous and ferrous metals, namely iron, tin, zinc, lead, gold, silver, molybdenum etc. have large reserves. Non-metal minerals include limestone, marble, fluorspar, silica, pearlite, bentonite etc.

In agricultural and animal husbandry products, besides the dominant crops of corn, rice, millet, there are cash crops like beans, buckwheat, oil-used sunflower seeds, sugar beets, tobacco, and Chinese herbals. Yearly yield of grains can reach 6 billion Jin. The facility agriculture featured by greenhouse and cold-keeping shed has come to 220,000mu. The area of natural grassland in the municipality is over 8,900mu. The raising livestock is over 14 million all over the municipality.

Power generation

In wind and water resources, there are many large and ideal national-grade wind power plants, and more than 60 large and middle size reservoirs. The ground water amounts to 5 billion m3.

Industries

Major industries include finance, insurance, telecommunications, distribution, logistics, hotels and restaurants, leisure and entertainment. High-tech industrial zone spans 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi).

Transportation

Chifeng is a transportation hub connecting the east and west area of Inner Mongolia. Tianjin, Beijing, Shenyang and other major cities are only 500 km (310 mi) away from Chifeng, while Jinzhou, Huludao, Qinhuangdao, are less than 300 km (190 mi) away.

Rail

Chifeng has direct train service from its train station to Beijing, Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Shanhaiguan, and Hebei.

Roads and expressways

There are 8 provincial and national highways linking Chifeng with surrounding cities, such as Hohhot and cities in Liaoning Province.

Air

Chifeng Yulong Airport has service to major cities such as Beijing, Hohhot, and other cities.

Bus

Chifeng Bus is a bus service serving Chifeng that has 38[9] lines.

Education

Famous people
  • Bao Xishun, recognized as world's tallest man from 2005 until 2007, is from Chifeng, as is his wife.
  • Siqingaowa, actress.
  • Wang Luodan, actress.
  • Zhang Wei (Theway zhang), singer.

See also

References
Notes
  1. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  2. "China: Inner Mongolia (Prefectures, Leagues, Cities, Districts, Banners and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  3. "The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology - NGA". Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-02-01. Timeline posted by National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
  4. 德力格尔玛. 伪满洲国统治内蒙古东部地区的行政机构及其演变.
  5. 1991-2020 normals "Climate averages from 1991 to 2020". China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17.
  6. 1981-2010 extremes 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  7. 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）. China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  8. "Climate Chifeng". Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  9. "-线路分布-线路分布-赤峰公交". 赤峰公交. 2019-03-04. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
Sources

Literature
  • 今日内蒙古: 赤峰 (in Chinese (China)). Hohhot: Inner Mongolia People's Press. 1997. p. 9 and 121. ISBN 7-204-03544-5.
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