Zhangye
Zhangye (simplified Chinese: 张掖; traditional Chinese: 張掖; pinyin: Zhāngyè), formerly romanized as Changyeh or known as Kanchow, is a prefecture-level city in central Gansu Province in the People's Republic of China. It borders Inner Mongolia on the north and Qinghai on the south. Its central district is Ganzhou, formerly a city of the Western Xia and one of the most important outposts of western China.
Zhangye
张掖市 Kanchow | |
|---|---|
 Lavender and afterglow in Zhangye | |
.png.webp) Location of Zhangye City jurisdiction in Gansu | |
  Zhangye Location of the city center in Gansu  Zhangye Zhangye (China) | |
| Coordinates (Zhangye municipal government): 38°55′29″N 100°27′00″E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Gansu |
| Municipal seat | Ganzhou District |
| Area | |
| • Total | 42,000 km2 (16,000 sq mi) |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
| • Total | 1,199,515 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 734000 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GS-07 |
| Website | www |
| Zhangye | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The Dafo Temple, site of the largest reclining Buddha in China. | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 張掖 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 张掖 | ||||||||
| Postal | Changyeh | ||||||||
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| Former names | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ganzhou | |||||||||
| Chinese | 甘州 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Sweet [Spring(s)] Prefecture | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Name
The city was formerly also known as Ganzhou, named after the sweet waters (Chinese: 甘泉; pinyin: Gānquán) of its oasis. An alternative theory states that "Gan" was from the Ganjun Hill (绀峻山) near the city. The name of province came from a contraction of Ganzhou and Suzhou (modern Jiuquan). The name appears in Marco Polo's Travels under the name Campichu.[2]
Zhangye Commandery was established by Western Han in 111 BC, with the seat at the site of modern Wuwei, Gansu. Etymology of Zhangye is unclear. A popular theory interprets the name Zhangye as "Extending Arm", excerpted from a phrase "to extend the arm of the country through to the Western Realm" (张国臂掖，以通西域) documented in Han Shu.[3]
History
Zhangye lies in the centre of the Hexi Corridor. The area is on the frontier of China proper, protecting it from the nomads of the northwest and permitting its armies access to the Tarim Basin. During the Western Han dynasty, Han armies were often engaged against the Xiongnu in this area. It was also an important outpost on the Silk Road. Before being over-run by the Mongols, it was dominated by the Western Xia dynasty, and before by the Uyghurs from at least the early 10th century. Its relation to the larger Uyghur state of Qocho is obscure, but it may have been a vassal.[4]
The Yuan dynasty founding emperor Kublai is said to have been born in the Dafo Temple, Zhangye, now the site of the longest wooden reclining Buddha in China. Marco Polo's journal states that he spent a year in the town during his journey to China.[2]
The pine forests of the Babao Mountains (part of the Qilian range) formerly regulated the flow of the Ruo or Hei Shui, Ganzhou's primary river. By ensuring that the melt-waters lasted throughout the summer, they avoided both early flood and later drought for the valley's farmers. Despite recommendations that they should thus be protected in perpetuity, a Qing dynasty imperial official in charge of erecting the poles for China's telegraph network ordered them cleared in the 1880s. Almost immediately, the region became prone to flooding in the summer and draught in the autumn, arousing local resentment.[5]
Christian missionaries arrived in 1879, after Suzhou (modern-day Jiuquan) was found to be too hostile for their settlement.[6]
Administration
Zhangye has one urban district, four counties, one autonomous county, 97 towns, and 978 villages.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note: Shandan Horseground is part of Shandan County. | ||||||
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
Area (km²) | Density (/km²) |
| 1 | Ganzhou District | 甘州区 | Gānzhōu Qū | 507,433 | 4,240 | 120 |
| 2 | Minle County | 民乐县 | Mínlè Xiàn | 219,356 | 3,687 | 59.5 |
| 3 | Linze County | 临泽县 | Línzé Xiàn | 134,328 | 2,777 | 48.4 |
| 4 | Gaotai County | 高台县 | Gāotái Xiàn | 143,446 | 4,312 | 33.3 |
| 5 | Shandan County | 山丹县 | Shāndān Xiàn | 161,299 | 5,402 | 30 |
| 6 | Sunan Yugur Autonomous County | 肃南裕固族自治县 | Sùnán Yùgùzú Zìzhìxiàn |
33,653 | 20,456 | 1.6 |
Geography
Zhangye is located in central Gansu along the Hexi Corridor, occupying 42,000 km2 (16,000 sq mi). It takes up the entire breadth of the province, running from Inner Mongolia on the north to Qinghai on the south, but its urban core is at Ganzhou in the oasis formed by the Ruo or Hei River. Its streams, sunlight, and fertile soil make it an important regional agricultural centre, although it was seriously damaged by over-foresting in the 19th century.
The Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park, covering an area of 510 square kilometres (200 sq mi), is located in Linze and Sunan counties of Zhangye, 30 kilometers (19 mi) west of the city center.[7] Known for its colourful rock formations, it has been voted by Chinese media outlets as one of the most beautiful land-forms in China.[7]
Climate
Zhangye has a cold desert climate (Köppen BWk) with very warm summers and cold and very dry winters. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −9.1 °C (15.6 °F) in January to 22.3 °C (72.1 °F) in July. The mean annual temperature is 7.8 °C (46.0 °F), while annual rainfall is 132.6 mm (5.22 in), almost all of which falls from May to September. The winters are so dry that snow is extremely rare.
| Climate data for Zhangye (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.2 (79.2) |
33.3 (91.9) |
34.7 (94.5) |
36.7 (98.1) |
40.3 (104.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
34.5 (94.1) |
30.3 (86.5) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
40.3 (104.5) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.3 (86.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
16.9 (62.4) |
8.7 (47.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
16.5 (61.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.3 (15.3) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −16.1 (3.0) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.0 (60.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
1.3 (34.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.1 (−18.6) |
−27.5 (−17.5) |
−18.8 (−1.8) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
1.5 (34.7) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−12.7 (9.1) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−28.2 (−18.8) |
−28.2 (−18.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.1 (0.08) |
1.3 (0.05) |
3.2 (0.13) |
5.6 (0.22) |
14.6 (0.57) |
20.3 (0.80) |
29.8 (1.17) |
25.3 (1.00) |
20.6 (0.81) |
5.3 (0.21) |
1.8 (0.07) |
1.9 (0.07) |
131.8 (5.18) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.3 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 5.1 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 53.1 |
| Average snowy days | 4.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 20.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 55 | 44 | 40 | 35 | 39 | 45 | 52 | 55 | 58 | 54 | 56 | 59 | 49 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 218.8 | 218.7 | 254.8 | 270.1 | 297.8 | 292.5 | 290.1 | 276.8 | 256.4 | 265.4 | 237.5 | 222.1 | 3,101 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 72 | 71 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 66 | 70 | 78 | 80 | 76 | 71 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[8][9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[10] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Zhangye has a total population of 1,199,515, only 260,000 being urban residents. There are 26 ethnic minorities other than Han represented including many Hui, Yugur and Tibetans.
Transport
Zhangye is served by China National Highways numbers G30 Expressway, 227 and 312.
Zhangye Railway Station is on the Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway, located to the north east of the city. A high speed railway station has been constructed on the south west side of the city, Zhangye West Railway Station was opened on the 26th of December, 2014 as part of the Lanzhou–Ürümqi High-Speed Railway.
Zhangye Ganzhou Airport, a combined civilian-military airport, opened in October 2011 with flights to Lanzhou and Xi'an.
Economy
The 2002 GDP was 7.566 billion RMB, almost 9% growth over the previous year. Annual urban income was 5960 RMB, 10.4% growth from the previous year and rural income was 3092 RMB, up 5%.
Education
Hexi University (河西学院) is located in Zhangye. Approximately 10,000 students are enrolled at the university.[11]
Sport
Zhangye has hosted a round of the Chinese Rally Championship (CRC) since 2011. It is held on specially constructed roads across the deserts north and to the south of the city. The event attracts over 100 entries regularly, including international drivers. A stadium for side-by-side super special stages has also been constructed.
References
- Main data bulletin of the sixth national census in 2010 Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, 2011-05-09(in Chinese)
- Yule, Henry (ed.), The Travels of Marco Polo, Bk. I, .
- 张掖与甘州名称的由来. Zhangye People's Government.
- Horlemann, Bianca, "The Relations of the Eleventh-Century Tsong-kha Tribal Confederation to Its Neighbour States on the Silk Road", Contributionsto the Cultural History of Early Tibet, p. 85.
- Elvin, Mark, The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China, pp. 26–7.
- De Ridder, Koen (2001), "The First Diplomatic Contacts between Belgium and China: Its Background and Consequences for Politics, Trade, and Mission Activity", Authentic Chinese Christianity: Preludes to Its Development (Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries), p. 51, ISBN 9789058671028.
- 张掖丹霞国家地质公园 [Zhangye Danxia National Geological Park] (in Chinese). Gansu Provincial Government. 2013-06-17. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- 张掖 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- "Hexi University in China".
External links
