Kamakã languages

The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:

Kamakã
Kamakanan
Geographic
distribution
Bahía, Brazil
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jê
  • Kamakã
Glottologkama1371

Varieties

Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]

Southern
  • Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state.
  • Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
  • Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River.
  • Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River.
  • Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested)
  • Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Pardo River and Verde River. (Unattested)
  • Imboré / Amboré - once spoken at the sources of the Gongogi River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
  • Piripiri - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Verde River and Gorutuba River. (Unattested)
  • Payaya - once spoken on the Camamu River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
Northern

Mason (1950)

Camacán (Kamakán) varieties listed by Mason (1950):[2]

Classification

Martins (2007)

Internal classification of the Kamakã languages by Martins (2007):[3]

Kamakã

Masakará is the most divergent language.

Ramirez (2015)

Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):[4]

Nikulin (2020)

Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Nikulin (2020):[5]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]

glossKamakanMangalóMenienKutashoMasacará
head heróheroinroheróaxaró
eye an-kedókedóim-gutókithógätxt
tooth txódióyodióthüó
foot wadéuadähoatahuaxtö
water d sansasasintsyin
fire yakódiaxkayarútiakílguxá
star pʔiongpéopiniapiãopinatsö
maize hikamhikeshokshókethiókäxü
jaguar yakoe-dereyaké-derékukiamútiuké-hiáyakveo
black kohadakoaxédakuatákoeixtá

Proto-language

Proto-Kamakã
Reconstruction ofKamakã languages
Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Kamakã reconstructions by Martins (2007):[3]

Portuguese gloss
(original)
English gloss
(translated)
Proto-Kamakã
águawater*tsã
andarto walk*mã
antatapir*here
araramacaw*tʃoke
arcobow*kwã
árvoretree*hi
bananabanana*tako
beberto drink*ka
beber (água)to drink (water)*tsã-ka
belobeautiful*tʃoho
bocamouth*eriko
brancowhite*kVhVro
cabeçahead*hero
cabelohair*ke
carnemeat*kohoaja
casahouse*toa
chuvarain*tsã
comerto eat*jukwa
dentetooth*tʃo
dormirto sleep*hondõ
esp. de bananabanana sp.*tako
estrelastar*pio
facaknife*ketʃa, *ketja
feijãobean*kinja
filhadaughter*kiaxrará
filha, filhodaughter, son*krani
filhoson*ketje
flechaarrow*hwaj, *waj
fogofire*tʃakɨ, *tjakɨ
irmãsister*tʃakarata, *jak(a)ratã
luamoon*hetʃe, *hedje
macacomonkey*kaũ
machadoaxe*kedo
madeirawood*hi)-ta
mandiocamanioc*kajɨ
mãohand*ker
meninoboy*kwanĩ
milhomaize*ketʃo
milhomaize*ketjo
muitovery*hie-hie
nariznose*niniko
olhoeye*keto
onça (Felis onça)jaguar (Felis)*jake
orelhaear*nikoka
paifather*kehentã
papagaioparrot*karaj
pássarobird*tʃano
pequenosmall*(V)ta
preto, negroblack*kwahda, *kwaxda
quaticoati*pitako

References

  1. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  3. Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva. 2007. Revisão da Família Lingüística Kamakã Proposta por Chestmir Loukotka. MA thesis, University of Brasília.
  4. Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
  5. Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAMAKÃ.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.