Kamakã languages
The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:
| Kamakã | |
|---|---|
| Kamakanan | |
| Geographic distribution | Bahía, Brazil |
| Linguistic classification | Macro-Jê
|
| Glottolog | kama1371 |
 | |
Varieties
Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Kamakã languages and dialects listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]
- Southern
- Kamakán / Ezeshio - once spoken on the Ilhéus River, De Contas River and Pardo River, Bahia state.
- Mangaló / Mongoyo / Monshoko - extinct language once spoken on the lower Pardo River near the frontier of Bahia and Minas Gerais states.
- Kutasho / Cotoxo / Catathoy - once spoken between the Pardo River and De Contas River.
- Menien / Manyã - once spoken at the sources of the Jequitinhonha River.
- Dendi - once spoken in the Serra Geral de Condeúba, frontier area between the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. (Unattested)
- Catolé - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Pardo River and Verde River. (Unattested)
- Imboré / Amboré - once spoken at the sources of the Gongogi River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Piripiri - once spoken in the state of Minas Gerais in the valleys of the Verde River and Gorutuba River. (Unattested)
- Payaya - once spoken on the Camamu River, Bahia state. (Unattested)
- Northern
- Masacará - extinct language once spoken south of the city of Juazeiro and in the old mission of Saco dos Morcegos, state of Bahia.
Classification
Martins (2007)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages by Martins (2007):[3]
- Kamakã
Masakará is the most divergent language.
Ramirez (2015)
Internal classification of the Kamakã languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):[4]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]
gloss Kamakan Mangaló Menien Kutasho Masacará head heró hero inro heró axaró eye an-kedó kedó im-gutó kithó gätxt tooth txó dió yo dió thüó foot wadé uadä hoata huaxtö water d san sa sa sin tsyin fire yakó diaxka yarú tiakíl guxá star pʔiong péo pinia pião pinatsö maize hikamhi kesho kshó kethió käxü jaguar yakoe-dere yaké-deré kukiamú tiuké-hiá yakveo black kohada koaxéda kuatá tá koeixtá
Proto-language
| Proto-Kamakã | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Kamakã languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
Proto-Kamakã reconstructions by Martins (2007):[3]
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Proto-Kamakã água water *tsã andar to walk *mã anta tapir *here arara macaw *tʃoke arco bow *kwã árvore tree *hi banana banana *tako beber to drink *ka beber (água) to drink (water) *tsã-ka belo beautiful *tʃoho boca mouth *eriko branco white *kVhVro cabeça head *hero cabelo hair *ke carne meat *kohoaja casa house *toa chuva rain *tsã comer to eat *jukwa dente tooth *tʃo dormir to sleep *hondõ esp. de banana banana sp. *tako estrela star *pio faca knife *ketʃa, *ketja feijão bean *kinja filha daughter *kiaxrará filha, filho daughter, son *krani filho son *ketje flecha arrow *hwaj, *waj fogo fire *tʃakɨ, *tjakɨ irmã sister *tʃakarata, *jak(a)ratã lua moon *hetʃe, *hedje macaco monkey *kaũ machado axe *kedo madeira wood *hi)-ta mandioca manioc *kajɨ mão hand *ker menino boy *kwanĩ milho maize *ketʃo milho maize *ketjo muito very *hie-hie nariz nose *niniko olho eye *keto onça (Felis onça) jaguar (Felis) *jake orelha ear *nikoka pai father *kehentã papagaio parrot *karaj pássaro bird *tʃano pequeno small *(V)ta preto, negro black *kwahda, *kwaxda quati coati *pitako
References
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Kamakã reconstructions
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- Martins, Andérbio Márcio Silva. 2007. Revisão da Família Lingüística Kamakã Proposta por Chestmir Loukotka. MA thesis, University of Brasília.
- Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
- Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
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