Malay trade and creole languages

Baba Malay is spoken by the Peranakans in Melaka (in Malaysia) and Singapore. A typical contact language between Hokkien male settlers and local Malay women, it has "more Hokkien grammar and more Malay lexicon".[5] As of 2014, there are 1,000 speakers in Malaysia and another 1,000 in Singapore.[5] It is mostly spoken among the older populations.[6] In 1986, Pakir estimated there were 5,000 speakers in Singapore.[5] A Baba Indonesian variant is also spoken in East Java.

Example (spoken in Melaka-Singapore):[7]

• Dia suka datang sini sembang.: He likes to come here and gossip.
• Keliap-keliap, dia naik angin.: Slightly provoked, he gets angry.
• Gua tunggu dia sampai gua k'ee geram.: I waited for him until I got angry.
• Oo-wa! Kinajeet, dia pasang kuat.: Wow! Today he dresses stylishly!

Singapore Bazaar Malay, also known as Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay, or Market Malay, is a Malay-lexified pidgin, which is spoken in Singapore.[3] Tamil and Hokkien contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, with Hokkien being the dominant substrate language of Bazaar Malay, with Malay being the lexifier language.[12] However, there are many input languages spoken by immigrants that also contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, including languages spoken by Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasians, and Europeans. Singapore Bazaar Malay emerged along with the opening of Singapore's free trade port in 1819, to overcome barriers in communication and business transactions. Since Singapore has only four official languages (English, Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil), Singapore Bazaar Malay not only is a lingua franca in interethnic communication, it is also used in intra-group communication. Singapore Bazaar Malay is mostly spoken by elders and middle-aged workers today, but its language status is declining due to education policies and language campaigns with less than 10,000 speakers.[3]

A pidginised variant of standard Malay, Sabah Malay is a local trade language.[15] There are a large number of native speakers in urban areas, mainly children who have a second native language. There are also some speakers in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago as a trade language, also spoken in south Palawan.

Makassar Malay is a creole-based mixed language, which is built of Bazaar Malay lexicon, Makassarese inflections, and mixed Malay/Makassarese syntax.[17][18]

It is now widely spoken as the first language in Makassar City and its surrounding areas, especially those who were born after 1980's. It has widely spread to the entire region in southern part of Sulawesi island, including in the provinces of Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, and Sulawesi Barat as regional lingua franca or as second language due to contact or doing business with people from Makassar City.

Makassar Malay used as a default dialect or neutral language when communicating with people from other tribes or ethnicities whom do not share the same local language to the native local speakers in those three provinces. It appears that Makassar Malay also used as the first language of younger generation who live in the cities or regencies' capital across those three provinces.

Furthermore, apart from those three provinces in the southern part of Sulawesi island, Makassar Malay also used by people in some parts of Sulawesi Tengah Province, especially when communicating with people from those three provinces. It can also be used when communicating with people from other people from other provinces in Eastern Indonesia and in the province of Kalimantan Timur.[19]

Balinese Malay is a dialect of Malay spoken in the island of Bali. It is also known as Omong Kampung ("village speak") by its speakers. Balinese Malay is the primary language of ethnic Malay who live in the northwestern part of the island, mainly in the districts of Melaya and Negara, Jembrana Regency.[21] The current language status is threatened.[22]

The creoles of eastern Indonesia[24] appear to have formed as Malays and Javanese, using lingua franca Malay, established their monopoly on the spice trade before the European colonial era. They have a number of features in common:

• ā, ē becomes a, e, or assimilates to the following vowel
• i, u lower to e, o in some environments
• there is a loss of final plosives p, t, k, and n the neutralisation of final nasals in part of the lexicon
• the perfective marker juga reduces to ju or jo
• the perfective marker lebih reduces to le
• the perfective marker mau reduces to mo
• the perfective marker mana reduces to ma (as this only occur on Kupang Malay).
• the perfective marker dan reduces to deng
• the perfective marker pun reduces to pung
• the perfective marker sudah reduces to su or so[1]

For example,[2]

• makan becomes makang
• pērgi becomes pigi or pi,pe
• tērkējut becomes takajo
• lēmbut becomes lombo
• dapāt becomes dapa
• jangan becomes jang
• pada becomes pa
• lupa becomes lu

Bacan (next) is perhaps the most archaic, and appears to be closely related to Brunei Malay (which is still a creole).

There is a loss of diphthongs:

• the diphthong "au" become to "o"
• the diphthong "ai" reduces to "e"
• the letter" u" become to "o"

The prefix word with "me","be","te",and"ke" reduces to "ma","ba","ta","ka"

• The prefix "me" redues to "ma"
• The prefix "be",reduces to "ba"
• The prefix "te",reduces to "ta"

For example:

The loss of middle "e" and "h" in the last end of words:

• terbelah becomes tabla
• bertengkar becomes batengkar
• menangis becomes manangis
• kehidupan becomes kaidopan

• Javindo language
• Orang Pulo language
• Petjo language

• Lim, Sonny (1988). "Baba Malay: the language of the 'Straits-born' Chinese". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 3. Pacific Linguistics Series A - No.78. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. pp. 1–61. doi:10.15144/PL-A78. hdl:1885/145107. ISBN 0-85883-382-4.

Balinese Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Betawi test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Kupang Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Makassar Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Manado Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

North Moluccan Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Papuan Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• A Baba Malay Dictionary by William Gwee Thian Hock
• Malay creole boy, Hottentot Square Cape Town; Malay boy of Cape Town [picture] / George French Angas delt. et lithog.
• The Malay Chetty Creole Language Of Malacca A Historical And Linguistic Perspective

• Ethnologue: Malay-based creoles