Belait language
Belait, or Lemeting, is a Malayo-Polynesian language of Brunei and neighbouring Malaysia. It is spoken by the Belait people who mainly reside in the Bruneian Belait District. There were estimated to be 700 speakers in 1995.[2]
| Belait | |
|---|---|
| Lemeting, Metteng | |
| Native to | Belait, Tutong (Brunei), Sarawak (Malaysia) |
| Region | Brunei, Malaysia |
| Ethnicity | Belait people |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 1,000 in Brunei)[1] (700 in 1995)[2] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | beg |
| Glottolog | bela1260 |
| ELP | Belait |
Classification
Belait is related to the Miri, Kiput and Narum languages of Sarawak. It is considered part of the Lower Baram subgroup of North Sarawak languages.[3]
Dialects
There are four mutually-intelligible dialects of Belait.[4] These are spoken in two main regions:
- In the villages of Kuala Balai and Labi
- In the Kiudang subdistrict of Tutong
Two distinct dialects of Belait – Metting and Bong – are spoken within the Mungkom village, Kiudang.[4] There are very few speakers of any of the dialects.
Phonology
General references on Belait phonology include Martin (1990) on Metteng Belait[4][5] and Noor Alifah Abdullah (1992) on Labi Belait.[4][6] This sketch is based on the Metteng dialect (Clynes 2005). Other dialects may vary in their phonology and lexicon.
Consonants
| Labial | Apical | Laminal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosives | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | ||
| Fricatives | s | ʁ | h | |||
| Laterals | l | |||||
| Glides | w | j | ||||
Vowels
Metteng Belait has five monophthong vowels /i, u, e, o, a/. There is one diphthong /iə/.
The phoneme /e/ is realised as [ə] in non-final syllables, and as [ɛ] and [e] in final syllables.[4]
Syllable Structure
Lexical roots are disyllabic. Final syllables are typically (C)V((C)C). Non-final are typically ((C)C)V(C).[4]
Grammar
Word classes
The major word classes in Belait are verbs and nouns. The two classes can be distinguished by their distribution, form and function. For example, verbs are negated with the form (e)ndeh and nouns with the form kay':
pra'=yeh
rain=DIST
nga'
already
salit,
be.hard,
ndeh
NEG
ana'
able
umaw'
AV.make
padi
paddy
'The rain has become hard, [we] are not able to grow rice'
kad
tarsier
macim
like
blabiw,
rat
kay'
NEG
blabiw
rat
'The tarsier is like a rat, but it is not a rat'
There are also several closed functional classes:[4]
- Pronouns
- Prepositions
- Classifiers
- Numerals
- Modals and aspectuals
- Deictics (including demonstratives)
Basic clause structure
Belait is head-initial. This means that head nouns precede possessors and other modifiers. They also precede relative clauses.[4] Most clauses consist of a predicate and a subject. The subject can either follow or precede the predicate. Hence, word order is flexible.[4]
pading=yeh
sword=DIST
lassaw'
hot
'The sword was hot'
nengngay'=nyeh
UV.throw=3S
pading=yeh
sword=DIST
lay'
to
mi'
at
dile'
sea
'He threw the sword into the sea'
Predicates can be Verb Phrases (VP), Noun Phrases (NP) or a Prepositional Phrase (PP). Non-subject arguments of a verbal predicate occur immediately after the verb.[4]
Verbal Predicates
The head of a verbal predicate is the verb. There are two main types of verbs in Belait: intransitive and transitive. Intransitive verbs only have a single subject argument. They do not have any voice morphology on the verb. In contrast, transitive verbs occur in two different voices: Actor Voice (AV) and Undergoer Voice (UV). The two constructions are illustrated below:[4]
idih
people
unnah
before
kuman
AV.eat
salang
charcoal
'The people before [first ancestors of the Belait] ate charcoal'
brejin
durian
kinan=lew
UV.eat=3P
abey'
complete
'The durian was all eaten up by them'
In the AV construction in (5) the subject is the Actor, i.e. idih unnah 'the people before'. In the UV construction in (6) the subject in the Undergoer, i.e. brejin 'durian'. In both cases, the subject comes before the predicate. The undergoer voice typically has perfective semantics. The actor voice tends to be used in other contexts.[4]
References
- Belait at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- Martin, Peter W. 1995. 'Whither the indigenous languages of Brunei Darussalam?' Oceanic Linguistics 34:44–60
- Blust, Robert. 1997. 'Ablaut in Western Borneo'. Diachronica XIV:1–30.
- Clynes, Adrian. 2005. 'Belait'. In Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Alexander Adelaar (eds.) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Martin, Peter W. 1990. Notes on the Phonology of Belait. Unpublished MS.
- Noor Alifah Abdullah. 1992. Struktur bahasa Belait. Unpublished BA Thesis, Department of Malay Language and Linguistics, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
