North Vanuatu languages

Clark (2009)[1] provides the following classification of the North Vanuatu languages, divided into two main geographic areas (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost and Santo). Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics.[2]

• North Vanuatu
  • Northern (Torres–Banks–Maewo–Ambae–Pentecost)
    • Torres–Banks languages
      • Torres Islands: Hiw, Lo-Toga (“Loh”)
      • Banks Islands: Lehali–Löyöp (“Ureparapara”), Mwotlap–Volow (“Mwotlav”), Lemerig–Vera’a (“Vera'a”), Vurës–Mwesen (“Vurës”), Mota, Nume, Dorig–Koro–Olrat (“South Gaua”), Lakon (“Lakona”), Mwerlap (“Merlav”)
    • Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost
      • Maewo: Sun̄wadia, Sun̄wadaga, Baetora
      • Ambae: Duidui, Northeast Ambae
      • North Pentecost: Raga
      • South Pentecost: Ske (“Seke”); Apma, Sa
  • Espiritu Santo languages
    • Cape Cumberland (Nokuku); Tolomako
    • Wusi, Akei–Tasiriki–Tangoa–Araki (“SW Santo”), Tiale–Merei (“Central Santo”), Kiai, “South-central Santo”, M̈av̈ea (“Mafea”), Tutuba, Aore, Tamambo (“Tamabo”); Mores
    • Southeast Santo, Shark Bay; Sakao

The following list of 9 "Penama" North Vanuatu languages (that is, the North Vanuatu languages excluding the Torres–Banks and Espiritu Santo languages) is from François (2015:18–21).