Foreign relations of Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Serbia has inherited the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, along with all of its holdings, after the dissolution of the previous state union with Montenegro. Serbian foreign ministries continue to serve citizens of Montenegro in countries that do not have Montenegrin diplomatic presence. The governments of Serbia and Montenegro expressed an interest in pursuing a common foreign policy. Former President of Serbia Boris Tadić referred to relations with the European Union (EU), Russia, United States and China as the four pillars of foreign policy.[1] Serbia joined the United Nations on 1 November 2000.

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History

Medieval Serbia

In the centuries prior to Ottoman rule in the country, medieval Serbian states established diplomatic relations with a number of states in Europe and the Mediterranean, particularly under the Nemanjić dynasty, during which time the Serbian Empire reached its greatest extent. Serbian envoys regularly embarked on missions to states near and far, typically in large entourages bearing gifts for the foreign courts. One such embassy to the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt arrived in Cairo bearing gifts including five hawks, five falcons, four silver cups, and an extravagantly ornamental sword. Serbian diplomats of the time were mostly drawn from two groups; those sent to the Catholic West primarily hailed from noble families from the coastal cities of the Adriatic Sea, such as Kotor, Dubrovnik, and Bar, and those sent to the Orthodox East were frequently members of the clergy, like Saint Sava. Typically the rulers of these states would provide dwellings for the envoys and their entourages, as well as transportation.[2]

Serbian Revolution and Autonomous Principality (1804–1878)
Main articles: Serbian Revolution and Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878)

Serbia gained its partial independence from the Ottoman Empire in two uprisings in 1804 (led by Đorđe Petrović – Karađorđe) and 1815 (led by Miloš Obrenović), although Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade, until 1867. In 1817 the Principality of Serbia was granted de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire.[3] High officials in the Austro-Hungarian Empire lobbied for Ottoman approval of the liberal 1869 constitution for Serbia, which depended on the Porte for final approval. Vienna's strategy was that a liberal political system in Serbia would divert its impulse to foment nationalist unrest within its neighbors, and also delay its efforts to gain territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire.[4]

Principality/Kingdom of Serbia (1878–1918)
Main articles: Principality of Serbia and Kingdom of Serbia

The Autonomous Principality became an internationally recognized independent country following the Russo-Turkish War in 1878. Serbia remained a principality or kneževina (knjaževina), until 1882 when it became a Kingdom, during which the internal politics revolved largely around dynastic rivalry between the Obrenović and Karađorđević families.

Southern and Northern Serbia (Vojvodina) in 1848

In 1885, Serbia protested against the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Serbian king, Milan Obrenovic´ (1854–1901), who needed to divert attention away from his domestic problems, demanded that Bulgaria cede some of its territory to Serbia. The Great Powers discouraged him, but he declared war on Bulgaria on November 13, 1885. The Serbo-Bulgarian War ended on March 3, 1886. The Serbian army crossed the lightly defended northwest border of Bulgaria aiming to seize Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. The Bulgarian defenders defeated the invaders and then invaded Serbia. Vienna brokered a peace that restored the old status quo. Serbian casualties totaled 6,800, about triple the 2,300 Bulgarian total. The defeat forced Obrenovic to abdicate in March 1889, and the Serbian crown passed to a regency in the name of his son Alexander (1876–1903).[5]

Serbian strategic goals

Serbia had multiple national goals.[6][7][8] Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a South Slavic state—which in the 1920s became Yugoslavia. The large number of Serbs living in Bosnia looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir.[9] Serbia was landlocked, and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the Adriatic Sea. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired Novi Pazar and part of Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the Aegean Sea.[10] Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the Balkan League and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans.[11] The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected Pan-Slavism and Serbian nationalism and was ready to make war to end those threats.[12] Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.[13]

World War I
Main article: Serbian campaign

The 28 June 1914 assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, a pro-Serbian member of Young Bosnia served as the basis for the Austrian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Vienna acted despite Serbia's acceptance three days earlier of nearly all of Vienna's demands. Vienna was convinced that Serbia was behind the plot in an effort to destabilize the multi-nation empire.[14] The Austro-Hungarian army invaded Serbia capturing Belgrade on 2 December 1914, however the Serbian Army successfully defended the country, won several victories, and on 15 December 1914 recaptured Belgrade.[15]

On 28 July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Within days, long-standing mobilization plans went into effect to initiate invasions or guard against them and Russia, France and Britain stood arrayed against Austria and Germany in what at the time was called the "Great War", and was later named "World War I" or "First World War." Austria thought in terms of one small limited war involving just the two countries. It did not plan a wider war such as exploded in a matter of days.

British historian John Zametica argued that Austria-Hungary was primarily responsible for starting the war, as its leaders believed that a successful war against Serbia was the only way it could remain a Great Power, solve deep internal disputes caused by Hungarian demands, and regain influence in the Balkan states.[16] Others, most notably Prof. Christopher Clark, have argued that Austria-Hungary, confronted with a Serbia that seemed determined to incite continual unrest and ultimately acquire all of the "Serb" inhabited lands of the Monarchy (which, according to the Pan-Serb point of view included all of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Hercegovina and some of the southern counties of the Hungary(roughly corresponding to today's Vojvodina), and whose military and government was intertwined with the irredentist terrorist group known as "The Black Hand," saw no practical alternative to the use of force in ending what amounted to subversion from Serbia directed at a large chunk of its territories. In this perspective, Austria had little choice but to credibly threaten war and force Serbian submission if it wished to remain a Great Power.[17]

Diplomatic relations

Serbia maintains diplomatic relations with 188 UN member states, the Holy See, State of Palestine and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta:

#CountryDate[18]
1 United Kingdom30 January 1837[19]
2 Russia23 February 1838
3 France18 January 1839[20]
4 Austria1874
5 Bulgaria18 January 1879
6 Greece18 January 1879
7 Italy18 January 1879
8 Romania26 April 1879[21]
9 Turkey1879
10 United States14 October 1881
11 Portugal14 November 1882[22]
12 Japan1882
13 Paraguay17 February 1883
14 Belgium1886
15 Netherlands1891
16 Cuba4 November 1902
17 Uruguay19 February 1904
18 Nicaragua23 February 1904
19 Honduras1904
20 Egypt1 February 1908[23]
21 Dominican Republic1 March 1912
22 Albania25 April 1914
23 Spain14 October 1916[24][25]
24  Switzerland1916
25 Norway9 March 1917[26]
26 Denmark19 October 1917[27]
27 Sweden1 November 1917[28]
28 Czech Republic9 January 1919[29]
29 Poland19 September 1919[30]
– Holy See13 March 1920
30 Hungary1921
31 Luxembourg1927
32 Argentina29 February 1928
33 Finland7 August 1929[31]
34 Chile1935
35 Iran30 April 1937
36 Brazil15 June 1938
37 Canada30 May 1941
38 Lebanon18 May 1946[32]
39 Mexico28 May 1946
40 Syria1946
41 Pakistan15 May 1948
42 Israel25 November 1948[33]
43 India5 December 1948
44 North Korea30 October 1950
45 Myanmar29 December 1950
46 Germany8 December 1951[34]
47 Jordan1951
48 New Zealand1951
49 Venezuela1 June 1951[35]
50 EthiopiaMarch 1952[36]
51 Bolivia1952
52 Costa Rica1952[37]
53 Iceland27 February 1953[38]
54 Panama26 March 1953[39]
55 Indonesia4 November 1954
56 Thailand12 November 1954[40]
57 Afghanistan30 December 1954
58 China2 January 1955
59 Libya2 October 1955[41]
60 Ecuador10 January 1956[42]
61 Cambodia15 July 1956
62 Mongolia20 November 1956
63 Sudan1956
64 Vietnam10 March 1957
65 Morocco1 May 1957
66 Sri Lanka14 October 1957
67 Yemen28 December 1957[43]
68 TunisiaDecember 1957[44]
69 Iraq23 July 1958[45]
70 Ghana10 January 1959[46]
71 Liberia15 September 1959[47]
72   Nepal7 October 1959
73 Guinea10 November 1959[48]
74 Central African Republic1960[49]
75 Gabon1960
76 Cyprus7 October 1960
77 Somalia8 September 1960[50]
78 Togo7 November 1960[51]
79 NigeriaMarch 1961[52]
80 Senegal31 May 1961[53]
81 Democratic Republic of the Congo1961
82 Mali1961
83 Tanzania9 December 1961[54]
84 Burundi1962[55]
85 Algeria2 July 1962[23]
86 Benin3 July 1962[56]
87 Laos25 November 1962
88 Kuwait7 May 1963
89 Uganda31 July 1963[57]
90 Sierra Leone25 September 1963[58]
91 Kenya12 December 1963[59]
92 Mauritania12 June 1964[60]
93 Zambia23 October 1964[61]
94 Republic of Congo1964
95 Cameroon1965
96 Gambia1965
97 Chad1966[62]
98 Australia25 April 1966
99 Colombia20 December 1966
100 Malaysia4 May 1967[63]
101 Singapore22 August 1967
102 Jamaica13 October 1968[64]
103 Ivory Coast15 June 1968[65]
104 Burkina Faso8 July 1968[66]
105 Guyana5 November 1968
106 Malta6 January 1969
107 Peru12 December 1969[67]
108 Equatorial Guinea18 May 1970
109 Botswana5 September 1970[68]
110 Mauritius6 October 1970[69]
111 Madagascar4 June 1971[70]
112 Rwanda15 June 1971[71]
113 Bangladesh22 January 1972[72]
114 Philippines10 March 1972[73]
115 Niger17 March 1972[74]
116 Lesotho1972
117 Trinidad and Tobago25 March 1974[75]
118 Oman4 May 1974[76]
119 Maldives1 March 1975
120 Mozambique10 June 1975[77]
121 Angola12 November 1975
122 Guinea-Bissau1975
123 Fiji1976[78]
124 Papua New Guinea21 May 1976
125 Suriname9 July 1976
126 Seychelles1 August 1976[79]
127 Comoros24 November 1976
128 Cape Verde1976
129 Barbados15 November 1977[80]
130 Ireland1977
131 Grenada29 June 1978
132 Djibouti11 July 1978
133 Sao Tome and Principe4 February 1979[81]
134 El Salvador16 December 1979
135 Zimbabwe1980
136 Haiti20 January 1984[64]
137 Guatemala4 February 1987[82]
138 BahamasJuly 1988[83]
– State of Palestine5 April 1989[84]
139 Bahrain18 August 1989[85]
140 Qatar25 August 1989[86]
141 South Korea27 December 1989
142 Namibia21 March 1990[87]
143 Eswatini1 June 1990
144 South Africa2 April 1992[88]
145 Slovakia1 January 1993[89]
146 Ukraine15 April 1994
147 Armenia8 July 1994
148 Belarus15 November 1994
149 Uzbekistan18 January 1995
150 Moldova15 March 1995
151 Georgia26 June 1995
152 Tajikistan9 September 1995
153 North Macedonia8 April 1996
154 Turkmenistan26 August 1996
155 Croatia9 September 1996
156 Kazakhstan10 December 1996
157 Azerbaijan21 August 1997
158 Malawi13 February 1998
159 Kyrgyzstan25 June 1998
160 Bosnia and Herzegovina15 December 2000
161 Lithuania22 December 2000[90]
162 Latvia19 January 2001[37]
163 Estonia9 February 2001[91]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 11 May 2001
164 Slovenia9 December 2001[37]
165 San Marino14 February 2002
166 Liechtenstein4 April 2003
167 Andorra2005[37]
168 Montenegro22 June 2006
169 United Arab Emirates21 March 2007[37]
170 Monaco12 June 2007[92]
171 Dominica22 April 2010[37]
172 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines26 May 2011[37]
173 Brunei5 December 2011[37]
174 Bhutan9 December 2011[37]
175 South Sudan3 January 2012
176 Eritrea19 October 2012
177 Tonga22 February 2013[93]
178 Saudi Arabia17 April 2013[37]
179 Vanuatu27 August 2018
180 Antigua and Barbuda28 September 2018[37]
181 Saint Kitts and Nevis6 November 2018
182 Palau7 December 2018
183 Tuvalu4 April 2019[37]
184 Belize24 September 2019[37]
185 Nauru25 September 2019
186 Saint Lucia13 November 2019
187 Solomon Islands20 December 2021
188 Timor-Leste20 December 2021[37]

Serbia has not established diplomatic relations with Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, and Samoa.

Multilateral
Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
 European Union See Accession of Serbia to the European Union
 NATO See Serbia–NATO relations

Africa

Ever since the times of Josip Broz Tito and the Non-Aligned Movement, Serbia has enjoyed excellent relations with African nations. Angola, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zimbabwe and South Africa are Serbia's closest allies in Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa and Serbia have had excellent relations since the signing of diplomatic relations in 1992 following the end of the Apartheid system. Many ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe resistance fighters received training in Serbia during Apartheid. South Africa is also home to around 20,000 Serbs, mainly living in the Johannesburg area.[94] South Africa is also voicing support for Serbia over the Kosovo issue.[95] Nelson Mandela was also made an honorary citizen of Belgrade.[96] Serbia is also actively involved in many investments in Angola with whom it has excellent political and economic relations.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Algeria1962[97] See Algeria-Serbia relations
  • Formal relations started in 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Belgrade.[98]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Algiers since 1962.[99]
 Angola1975[100]

See Angola–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Luanda and Angola has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo1961[101]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kinshasa and DR Congo has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • The Foreign Ministry of DR Congo visited Belgrade in 2011 and the Foreign Ministry of Serbia visited Kinshasa in 2009.
 Republic of the Congo1964[102]

Diplomatic relations between Republic of the Congo and Serbia were established in 1964. Diplomatic relations between Côte d'Ivoire and Serbia were established in 1968.

 Egypt1908[103] See Egypt-Serbia relations
 Eswatini1990[105]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1990.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[106]
 Guinea1958[107]
  • Guinea has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Guinea-Bissau1975[108]

Diplomatic relations between Guinea-Bissau and Serbia were established in 1975. Guinea-Bissau supports Serbia's position regarding Kosovo, and prime minister Umaro Sissoco Embaló visited Belgrade in November 2017 to expand trade relations.[109]

 Kenya1963[110]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Nairobi, Kenya has an honorary consulate in Belgrade.
 Libya1955[111]See Libya–Serbia relations
 Madagascar1960[114]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1960.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[106]
 Mauritania1966[115]

Serbia is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in Rabat.[116]

 Nigeria1960[117]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Abuja and honorary consulates in Kano and Lagos. Nigeria has an embassy in Belgrade.
 Seychelles1977[118]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1977.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[119]
 Somalia1960[120]

See Somalia–Serbia relations

 South Africa1992[121]

See South Africa–Serbia relations

 Zambia1964[123]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Lusaka
 Zimbabwe1980[124]

See Zimbabwe–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Harare
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Belgrade
  • Robert Mugabe described Serbia as Zimbabwe's only foreign ally in 2014[125]
  • Zimbabwe also sided with Serbia during the breakup of Yugoslavia. This was solidified in Mugabe's visit to Belgrade in 1996.[126]
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Zimbabwe amounted to 1 million euros in 2011, exclusively imports from Zimbabwe.

Relations frozen
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1984

Yugoslavia recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 28 November 1984.[127] Yugoslavia was the first country in Europe which formally recognized the independence of Sahrawi Republic after some of its allies from the Non-Aligned Movement pressured Belgrade to follow on its earlier policy when Yugoslavia was the first European country to recognize neighboring Algeria as well.[128] While formal relations were limited Yugoslavia extended certain development aid by providing education both for civilians and Polisario members.[129] Recognition was withdrawn on 26 October 2004.

America

Serbia has strong but strained relations with the United States and a bit more relaxed relations with Canada, because of their hostile recognition of Kosovo's independence and NATO bombing from 1999, which aimed to help this secession. On 25 February 2008, Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica demanded that the United States rescind its recognition of Kosovo, warning that "there will be no stability until the fake state" is annulled.[130]

Serbia has very good relations with Latin America, except Colombia and Panama, which recognized Kosovo's independence.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Argentina1928[131] See Argentina–Serbia relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Serbia and Argentina existed before the Second World War and were restored in 1946.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires
  • Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[132]
 Bahamas1988[133]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in July 1988.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[134]
 Brazil1938[135]See Brazil–Serbia relations
 Canada1941[136]See Canada–Serbia relations
 Chile1935[140]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations 1935. They were renewed in 1946. Diplomatic relations were broken off on two occasions, in 1947 and 1973, and the last renewal was in March 1990.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[141]
 Colombia1966[142]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in December 1966.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[143]
 Costa Rica1952[144]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1952.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[145]
 Cuba1943See Cuba–Serbia relations

Cuba and Serbia have a long history of diplomatic relations from the period of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when both countries were members of Non-Aligned Movement. Cuba supports Serbia in its stance towards Kosovo considering Kosovo's independence an illegitimate act and a violation of international law and principles of the United Nations Charter.[146] Serbia supports Cuba at the United Nations in condemning the United States embargo.[147]

 Guyana1968[148]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 November 1968.
  • Serbia is represented in Guyana through its embassy in Washington, D.C.[149]
 Mexico1946[150] See Mexico–Serbia relations
  • Mexico has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Mexico City.
 Panama1953[151]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1953.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[152]
 Peru1967[153]
 Trinidad and Tobago1974[154]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1974.
  • Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[155]
 United States1881[156]See Serbia–United States relations

Prior to World War I and creation of Yugoslavia, Serbia and the US enjoyed excellent relations. Bilateral relations between Serbia and the United States were established in 1881. At the outset of hostilities between NATO and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, the United States and Yugoslavia severed diplomatic relations. After the overthrow of the Milosevic government in October 2000, the following month the United States reestablished a diplomatic presence. The U.S. Embassy formally reopened in May 2001. The Serbian Embassy in Washington and the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade have reestablished bilateral relations and provide a full range of consular services. In February 2008 Serbia recalled its ambassador from the United States, following the U.S. recognition of the unilaterally declared independence of Kosovo.[157]

 Uruguay1950[158]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in September 1950.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[159]
 Venezuela1951[160] See Serbia–Venezuela relations

Asia

Serbia has excellent relations with countries such as China, Indonesia, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, South Korea, Vietnam, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are important economic partners for Serbia in Asia.

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Afghanistan1954[162]
  • Afghan foreign minister Zalmai Rassoul visited Belgrade in September 2011.
  • Bilateral trade between Serbia and Afghanistan reached 7.3 million euros during 2011.
 Armenia1994[163]See Armenia–Serbia relations
  • Armenia and Serbia established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1994.
 Azerbaijan1997[164]See Azerbaijan–Serbia relations
  • Azerbaijan and Serbia established diplomatic relations in 1997.
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baku.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 Brunei2011[165]
  • Pengiran Muda Mohamed Bolkiah paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011.
 Cambodia1956[166]

See Cambodia–Serbia relations

 China1955[167]See China–Serbia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Beijing and a general consulate in Shanghai.
  • China has an embassy in Belgrade and also maintains an office in Priština based on consent of the Government of Serbia from November 2006.

China has always traditionally had very warm and close relations with Belgrade since the establishing of diplomatic relations in 1955.[168]

 East Timor2012[169]

Serbia is represented in Timor by its embassy in Jakarta.[170]

 Georgia1995[171][172]
  • Serbia is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Moscow
  • Georgia is represented in Serbia through its embassy in Athens
  • Georgia strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo[173]
  • Serbia supports Georgia's stance on South Ossetia[174]
 India1948[175]See India–Serbia relations
 Indonesia1954[178]See Indonesia–Serbia relations

Indonesia has very close relations with Serbia, especially within the fields of trade, culture and tourism. Indonesia has also voiced support for Serbia's territorial integrity over the Kosovo issue.[179]

 Iran1937[180]

See Iran–Serbia relations

  • Serbia has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has strong relations with Iran.
  • Serbia and Iran maintained a visa free regime from 2 September 2017 until 17 October 2018. This led to an increase in travel of Iranians to Serbia. The visa regime was reinstated by Serbia following complaints from European Union after a large number of Iranian visitors used visa free regime to come to Serbia and cross over to European Union countries illegally. Serbian citizens can still enter Iran obtaining a visa on arrival.
 Iraq1958[181]

See Iraq–Serbia relations

  • Iraq has an embassy in Belgrade.[182]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Baghdad.[183]
 Israel1948[184]

See Israel–Serbia relations

 Japan1882[187]See Japan–Serbia relations
 Kazakhstan1996[193]

See Kazakhstan–Serbia relations

 Kuwait1963[195]
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Serbian companies have long had a presence in Kuwait. The iconic Kuwait Towers were commissioned by Energoprojekt, based in Belgrade.
  • Kuwait recently approved a 25 million Euro loan to Serbia to fund the construction of the Prokop railway station.[196]
  • Kuwait also received support from Serbia, under the former Yugoslavia, during the Iraqi invasion in 1990.
 Kyrgyzstan1998[197]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1998.
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 3,5 million.[198]
 Malaysia1967[199]
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Belgrade and Serbia is represented in Malaysia by the embassy in Jakarta.
  • During the period January 2012 – September 2012, bilateral trade reached 27.5 million euros.
  • Dato' Sri Anifah Hj. Aman paid a visit to Belgrade in September 2011
  • According to the Embassy of Malaysia in Belgrade, there are 25 Malaysians living in Serbia.[200]
 Myanmar1950[201]See Myanmar-Serbia relations
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1950.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[202]
   Nepal1959[203]

See Nepal–Serbia relations

  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1959.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[204]
 North Korea1948[205]See North Korea–Serbia relations

Serbia maintains friendly relations with North Korea. Relations between the two countries started in 1948 under the Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito. Relations between the two countries are still strong in both political and military terms. The North Korean embassy to Serbia is accredited to Sofia, Bulgaria.

 Oman1974[206]
  • Serbian foreign minister Vuk Jeremic paid a visit to Muscat in 2010.
 Pakistan1948[207]See Pakistan–Serbia relations

Pakistan considers Serbia to be a very important country and that the relations between the two states are warm and friendly.[208]

 Palestine1989[209]See Palestine–Serbia relations

Relations between Serbia and the State of Palestine have been very close and friendly. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was one of the first countries to recognize the State of Palestine on November 16, 1988, and its successor Serbia maintained close relations, favoring a Two-State solution. The Palestinian Authority for its part, has refused to recognize the independence of Kosovo.[210][211]

 Philippines1972[212]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1972.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[213]
  • Philippines has a consulate in Belgrade[214]
 Qatar1989[215]
  • Qatar has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Doha.
 Saudi Arabia2013[216]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Riyadh.
 Singapore1967[217]

Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1967.

 South Korea1989[218]See Serbia–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between Република Србија Serbia and the Republic of Korea began on 27 December 1989.

  • Serbian embassy in Seoul.[219]
  • South Korean embassy in Belgrade.[220]
 Sri Lanka1957[221]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1957.
  • A number of bilateral agreements in various fields have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[222]
 Syria1946[223]

See Serbia–Syria relations

 Tajikistan1995[225]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1995.
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 5,64 million.[226]
 Thailand1954[227]
 Turkey1879[229]See Serbia–Turkey relations
 United Arab Emirates2007[230]

See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations

 Vietnam1957[232]

Europe
Further information: Accession of Serbia to the European Union

Serbia has signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the European Union on 29 April 2008 and is in the process of the Republic of being admitted into the framework of the European Union as a full-fledged member state. Serbia officially applied for European Union membership on 22 December 2009,[233] and the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate on 12 October 2011. After the vote of the 27 EU foreign ministers on 28 February 2012, where with 26 votes for and 1 vote against, a candidate status recommendation was issued, and Serbia received full candidate status on 1 March. On 28 June 2013 the European Council endorsed the Council of Ministers conclusions and recommendations to open accession negotiations with Serbia.[234][235] In December 2013 the Council of the European Union approved opening negotiations on Serbia's accession in January 2014,[236] and the first Intergovernmental Conference was held on 21 January at the European Council in Brussels.[237]

Former Yugoslavia
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Bosnia and Herzegovina2000[238]See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Sarajevo and a consulate-general in Banja Luka. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Serbia is an official candidate and Bosnia-Herzegovina is recognized as potential candidate country by the European Union.

 Croatia1996[239]See Croatia–Serbia relations

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 1996. Croatia has an embassy in Belgrade and a general consulate in Subotica. Serbia has an embassy in Zagreb and two general consulates (in Rijeka and Vukovar). There are around 200,000 people of Serbian descent living in Croatia and around 70,000 people of Croatian descent living in Serbia.

KosovoNo diplomatic relations or recognition.See Kosovo–Serbia relations and International recognition of Kosovo

On 17 February 2008, representatives of the Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared Kosovo independence. Serbia, Russia, China, India, Greece, Mexico, Romania, Spain, Brazil, South Africa, and many others do not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. Serbia considers the declaration of Kosovo's independence illegal and has vowed to fight Kosovo's admission to international organizations. The Republic of Kosovo does not have membership status in the United Nations. As of 4 September 2020, 114 United Nations member states and some non UN members like the Republic of China, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Niue and the Cook Islands recognize Kosovo as an independent state, while the rest do not.

Serbia, in response to nations which have recognized Kosovo as an independent nation, has consistently recalled its ambassadors to these nations.[240]

 North Macedonia1996[241]See North Macedonia–Serbia relations

The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was formed in 1992 by the remaining Yugoslav republics Montenegro and Serbia established diplomatic relations with the Republic of North Macedonia on 8 April 1996.[242] The establishment of bilateral relations has been done under North Macedonia's former constitutional name – Republic of Macedonia.[243] Serbia therefore was one of 125 countries in the world recognizing Macedonia under the former constitutional name.[244] North Macedonia has an embassy in Belgrade, while Serbia's embassy is located in Skopje.

 Montenegro2006[245]See Montenegro–Serbia relations

Montenegro has an embassy in Belgrade. Serbia has an embassy in Podgorica and a Consulate-General in Herceg Novi.

 Slovenia2000[246]See Serbia–Slovenia relations

Other European countries
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Albania1914[249] See Albania–Serbia relations
 Austria1874[252]See Austria–Serbia relations
 Belarus1994[257]See Belarus–Serbia relations
  • Serbia recognised Belarus in December 1991 and both countries established diplomatic relations in November 1994 and at the ambassadorial level in 1996.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Minsk.
 Belgium1886[258]
 Bulgaria1879[260]See Bulgaria–Serbia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Sofia.
 Cyprus1960[261]See Cyprus–Serbia relations
 Czech Republic1918[263]See Czech Republic – Serbia relations
 Denmark1917[265]See Denmark–Serbia relations
 Estonia2001[266]
 Finland1929[267]See Finland–Serbia relations
 France1839[270]See France–Serbia relations
 Germany1951[273]See Germany–Serbia relations
 Greece1879[276]See Greece–Serbia relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Athens.

Friendly relations have played an important role in bilateral relations between the two nations, especially during the wars of the 1990s and the Balkans Campaign[277] in World War I. Due to the strong historical friendship and the deep cultural and religious ties between the two nations, Greece and Serbia enjoy historically, religiously and culturally close ties which are confirmed by a regular political dialogue. Greece is the top investor in Serbian economy[278] and during the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Greece openly expressed its disapproval and polls revealed that 94% of the Greek population were completely opposed to the bombing.[279] The more dramatic event was a People's Tribunal of over a 10.000 people in Athens, Greece, where the Greek Supreme Court declared president Clinton and NATO leaders guilty of war crimes.[280]

 Holy See1920[281]See Holy See–Serbia relations
 Hungary1921[282]See Hungary–Serbia relations
 Iceland2000[286]
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 2000.
  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between both countries.[287]
 Ireland1977[288]
  • Diplomatic relations between Ireland and Yugoslavia were established in 1977.
  • Relations continued with Serbia since 2006.
 Italy1879[289]See Italy–Serbia relations and Italy-Yugoslavia relations
 Latvia1917[291]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1917.
  • Both countries have agreements on International Transport by Road and on Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital.[292]
 Lithuania2000[293]
 Malta1969[295]See Malta–Serbia relations
 Moldova1995[297]
 Netherlands1891[298]See Netherlands–Serbia relations
 Norway1917[301]See Norway–Serbia relations
 Poland1919[305]See Poland–Serbia relations
 Portugal1882[306]See Portugal–Serbia relations
 Romania1879[307]See Romania–Serbia relations
  • Romania has an embassy in Belgrade, a general consulate in Vršac.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timișoara.
 Russia1838[308]See Russia–Serbia relations

Diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union were established on 24 June 1940, and Serbia and the Russian Federation recognize the continuity of all inter-State documents signed between the two countries. There are about 70 bilateral treaties, agreements and protocols signed in the past. Serbia and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified 43 bilateral agreements and treaties in diverse areas of mutual cooperation so far.[309]

 San Marino2002[310] See San Marino–Serbia relations
 Slovakia1918[311]See Serbia–Slovakia relations
 Spain1916[314]See Serbia–Spain relations
 Sweden1917[317]See Serbia–Sweden relations
  Switzerland1916[319]See Serbia–Switzerland relations
 Ukraine1994[324]See Serbia–Ukraine relations
  • Serbia recognized Ukraine in December 1991 by the decision on the recognition of the former republics of the Soviet Union.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Kyiv.
 United Kingdom1837[325]See Serbia–United Kingdom relations

Oceania
Country Formal relations began Notes
 Australia1966[328] See Australia–Serbia relations
 New Zealand1951[330]
  • New Zealand is represented in Serbia through its embassy in The Hague (Netherlands).
  • Serbia is represented in New Zealand through its embassy in Canberra (Australia).
  • New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960. Trade between the two countries was based on a very modest exchange totaling US$2.3 million in 2006 but it rose significantly in 2007 to EUR 805 million.[331]
  • In the 2006 census, over 1,000 New Zealand residents claimed to be of Serbian ethnicity.[332]
 Palau2018[333]

Formal bilateral relations between the two states were established in 2018. January 2019 marked the first visit of President of Palau Thomas Remengesau Jr. to Belgrade.[334][335][336]

See also

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Further reading
  • Schevill, Ferdinand. History of the Balkans (1922) online
  • Stavrianos, L. S. The Balkans Since 1453 (1958), a comprehensive scholarly history
  • Trivanovitch, Vaso. "Serbia, Russia, and Austria during the Rule of Milan Obrenovich, 1868-78" Journal of Modern History (1931) 3#3 pp. 414–440 online
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