Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area

The Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area is a linguistic area that includes over a dozen South American language families and isolates of the Mamoré–Guaporé region of eastern lowland Bolivia (the Llanos de Moxos and Chiquitania regions) and Brazil (Rondonia[1] and Mato Grosso states).[2]

Map of the locations of the indigenous settlements of Bolivia

Languages

Crevels and van der Voort (2008) propose a Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area in eastern lowland Bolivia (in Beni Department and Santa Cruz Department) and Rondonia and northwestern Mato Grosso, Brazil. In Bolivia, many of the languages were historically spoken at the Jesuit Missions of Moxos and also the Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos. Language families and branches in the linguistic area are as follows.[3]

Tupian branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

Macro-Jê branches in the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area are:

Language isolates in the linguistic area are:

Linguistic features

Areal features include:[3]

  • a high incidence of prefixes
  • evidentials
  • directionals
  • verbal number
  • lack of nominal number
  • lack of classifiers
  • inclusive/exclusive distinction

Pieter Muysken et al. (2014) also performed a detailed statistical analysis of the Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area.[4]

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé

Reconstruction of Proto-Mamoré-Guaporé language according to Jolkesky 2016:[5]

NumberGlossProto-Mamoré-GuaporéIgnacianoTrinitárioPaunákaPaikonékaBauré
1.abóbora*mokuβɨ-remakuremkure*mukubɨre*mokoβiremokovis
2.água*ɨneuneuneɨneina*ine
3.algodão*kɔhɔ-rekaha-rekho-rekuhu-ekohoβu-rekahawo-r
4.amendoim*kɨrike-rekurike-rekriç-rekɨike-*kirike-re
5.animal doméstico*pero-pera-peropeu--per
6.anta*samosamasamosamui-somosom
7.arco-íris*ɔa-{ʔe}o-{ʔe}u-{e}-{ni}-aʔ
8.arraia*ihinoihinahino-moihinuihino*sinu-mpe
9.árvore*βoku-βku-çi-{ape}-oko-wok(o)
10.asa*-poβo-paβa-poβo*-pubu-*-powo
11.assar*-himo--a-hima-ka--o-hmo-ko--himu-k---himo- ‘queimar’
12.avó*-oʦe-aʦe-oʦe-use-*-ose
13.avô*-ɔʧɨko-aʧuka-oʧko*-uʧiku-*-aʃiko
14.bêbado*-kɔβɨ--kaβa-ʔa--koβo-o--kubɨ-u---kavi-
15.beber, tomar*-er-o--er-a--er-o--e---er(o)-
16.beija-flor*piʦepitsepitsepise ‘pássaro’pite*pite
17.bicho-de-pé*kitu-resitu-restu-rekitu-e*sito-ri-
18.bicho-preguiça*puʔepuʔepuʔepue-poʔe
19.boca*-nukɨ-nuku ‘bocado’{hii}-nuku ‘bigode’*-nukɨ--noki
20.brasas*e-moni-kie-mani-ki-monie-muni-ki-*e-moni-si
21.cana*kute-nɔakute-naʔkute-no-kote-na-sekote-n
22.cantar*-akɔ----aku-suni-aka--ak-
23.capivara *uʧɨuʧuuʧu*uʧɨ*aʔ-oʧioʃ(i)
24.carão*koʧu-rekaʧu-rekʧu-re--koʃo-r
25.carne*-eʧe-eʧe-eʧe-eʧe--eʃ
26.casa*pe-nɔ-pe-na (dep)-pe-no (dep)---pe-n ‘toca’
27.céu*anɨanu-maanu-moanɨ-muaniani
28.chifre*-hiʔɨ-hiʔu-hiʔu*-hiɨ-hi-hiʔ
29.chorar*-ijɔ--ija-ʔ-a-ijo-ʔ-o-ju--ʧo--ja-
30.comer*-ni-ko--ni-ka--ni-ko--ni-k--ni-ko--ni-(k)-
31.cortar*-ʧu-ko--e-ʧuka--ʧukoʔo---a-ʃok-
32.cupim*moto-rɨmata-rumto-ru-moto-ri-pa ‘cupinzeiro’moto-ri
33.cutia*peripeʔipeʔipeiperiperi
34.dedo*-βoʔɨ-ki-βau-ki-βu-çi-buɨ*-βoʔi-ne-si*-woʔi-si
35.defecar*-sɔ--sa-ka--so-ko----sa-(p)-
36.doente*-huma-ka-huma-ko-hma--*-hom
37.doer*-koti-kati-koti(-ʧo)-kuti ‘doente’-koti ‘doente’-koti-c-
38.dois*api-api-api---api-n
39.dormir*-imo-ko--ima-ka-im-ko--imu-k--mo-k-o--imo-k-
40.enguia*iti-reiti-reʔti-re-piiti-eoti-ra*iti-re
41.entrar*-kiɔpo--siapa--siop-bɨ-kupu---siap-
42.esposa*-jeno-jena-jeno-jenu--jeno
43.espremer*kopiti-ko--kapiti-ka--kopʧa-ko-kupiti-k--kopiti-e-k-
44.esquerda*-sɔpa-sapa-sopa---sap
45.folha*-po--pa-ka-hi-po-ko-hi-pu-ne--po-n
46.formiga*koʦi-rɨkaʧi-rukʧi-rukusi-ukoʧi-rikoʃi-ri
47.fritar*-surɨ--suru-ka--suu-ko----sori-
48.fruta*-ʔi-ʔi-ʔi-i-ʔi*-ʔi
49.galho*-aβo-t-aβa-t-aβo(-hi)--*-awo
50.genro*-ʧina-ʧina-ʧina--ʃinaʔ
51.grande*ʧoi-ʧa-peʔ-ʧo-pe--ʧo
52.grilo*βiʦiβiʧiβiʧibisiβiʧiviʃi
53.homem*hirɔa-hairaʔ-hiro--hir(a)
54.ir*-jono--jana--jono--jun--ʧono--jon(o)-
55.jacaré*kɔhiɨ-rekahiu-rekhʸu-rekuhibu-e*kohi-rekahi-re
56.jacutinga*huβihuβihuβi*e-hubi-hovi-r(e)
57.lago*kɔkiɨkakiu-rekoçu-re--aki
58.lavar*-kipɔ--sipa-ka--sip-ko-kipu-ch---sipa
59.levar*-ɔmo--ama--omo--um---amo-
60.língua*-nene-nene-nene-pe-nenei-pe-ne-pe-nene
61.lobo-guará*okɔrɔakara-maokro-mo--okara-nan
62.lua*kohekahekohekuhekehe-rekihe-r
63.luz, iluminar*-mika--mika-ʔu-mik-ʔu---mika-
64.macaco*ijoijaijoijuiʧo-reijo-re
65.madeira*jɔkɨ-kijuku-kijku-çijɨkɨ-keʧaki-se*jaki-se
66.maduro*-jɔ--ja-ʔa--jo-ʔo----ja-k-
67.mãe*-eno-ena-eno-enu*-eno-en(o)
68.mama, teta*-ʧeni-ʧene-ʧene-ʧene-*-ʃeni
69.mamar*(-ɔ)-hi-ko--ahi-ka--oh-ko--uhi-k---hi-k-
70.mandioca*kɨhakuhukuh-pakɨha-pi-kaha-p
71.mão*-βoʔɨ-βaʔu-βoʔu ‘pulso’-buɨ*-βoʔi-wo-
72.medo*-piko--pika--piko--i-pik---piko-
73.milho*mokea-makiʔ-moçia-mukeo-mosemos
74.morcego*βiteβiteβitebiteβite-revite-r
75.morrer*-epeno--epena--epeno----epen(o-)
76.mosquito*aniʔɨaniʔu*ʔniʔuanibɨoni*aniʔ
77.mulher*eʦenoesenaʔseno-senu*-itenoeteno
78.mutum*ukuʔiukuʔiʔkuʔi--wokoij
79.nariz*-siri-siri-siri--sere-ki-siri-ki
80.ninho*-moko-maka-hi-moko-hi-muku-hi-ʃira-mok
81.noite*jotijatijotijuti-*joti-ʔe
82.nuvem*ɨkouka-hiuko-hiɨku ‘chuva’iko ‘chover’-
83.olho*-βɨki-uki-{ʔa}-uç-{ʔa}-bɨke*-βiki-s(e)-iki-se
84.onça*iʧiniiʧiniʔʧiniisiniiʧeneiʃini
85.orelha*-ʧoka-ʧaka-pe-ʧoka-ʧuka--ʧok
86.osso*-(n)opeij-apeʔj-ope-çie-upe*e-nope*e-nope
87.ouvir*-samo--sama--samo--samu--*-samo-
88.pai*-ija-ija-ija-ia-iaʔ
89.palmeira (bacuri)*koʧikaʧikoʧ-no-koʧikoʃ
90.pato*pohiu-pahiʔ-pohiu-puhii-pohiʔ-pohi
91.pato roncador*βononoβananaβnono--wonon
92.peixe*himohimahimohimuʔimo*himo
93.pele*-(ʧ)uma-uma-ma-um-mo-i-tioma*-ʧoma
94.pequeno*-ʧepi*-iʧepi-ʧu*-ʔ-ʧeʔ-ʧu-ʧepi-tɨ--t-iʃepi
95.pescoço*-pike-(nɨ)-pike-nu-piçe-nu*-pike-nɨ-*-pihe
96.pessoa*oʧaneaʧaneʔʧaneuʧaneoʧane ‘homem’*oʧane
97.pimenta*ʧetii-ʧetiʔ-ʧetiu-ʧeti*e-ʧeti*ʃeti
98.piolho*-ine-iɲe-iɲe-ine-*-ine
99.piranha*urɨmɔurumaʔrumo*ɨmuorimoorima
100.porco*ʦimo-rɨtsimaru*ʦmoru-simorisimori
101.pulmão*-haha-haha-haha---hah
102.queimado*-hɨ--i-hu--i-hu-i-hɨ-e---him(o)-
103.rabo*-ihi-ki-ihi-ki-ih-çi*-ihi--ihi-s
104.raposa*ʧɨjeʧujeʧuje-ʧiʔeʃijeʔ
105.rato*koʦokaʦakoʦokusu*kosokosio (Língua muxojeóne)
106.responder*-kopo--hi-kapa--hi-kpo-ha-kup---kopo-nia
107.roedor*majukomajuka ‘preá’mjuko ‘coelho’-*maʧoko ‘preá’majak ‘preá’
108.rosto*-mirɔ-mira-miro-miu-iɨke-{mi}miro-mira
109.saber*-ʧo--eʧa--eʧo- ‘lembrar’*-eʧu-na---ʧo-
110.sangue*-itiitiiti-iti--iti
111.sobrinho/a*-ʧe-(hi)-ʧe-hi-ʧe-ra---ʃi-h
112.sogra*-mose-i-mase-i-mse-muse--mos
113.sogro*-moʧɨuko-i-maʧuka-i-mʧuko---moʃok
114.tartaruga*kipɨsipusipukipɨsipi{-ra}{ko-}sip(o)
115.terminar*-ito--ita--ito----eto-
116.terra*moʦemate-himote-himute-himose*mose
117.tia*-aka-aka ‘tia avó’----aka
118.tio*-kɨko-e-kuka--kɨku--kik
119.tomar banho*-koβo--kaβa--koβo--kub---kowo-{jo-}
120.trazer*-ɔpɔ--n-apa-na--upu-n---apa-
121.três*mopo-mapa-mopo-na--mpo-na
122.urucum*nirei-nireʔ-nire--nir
123.veado*kɔhɔβɔkahaβakhoβokusubukohoβokahaw
124.veado*mukɔmukamukomoka
125.velho*-ʧɔ, *-ʧoi-ʧa-siʔ-ʧo-si-ʧu-buie-ʧo-
126.veneno*mɔti-matiʔ-moti--mati
127.ver*-imoʔɔ--ima-ʔa--im-ʔo--mu--ʔimo-ʔa--
128.vespa*hanehanehanehane-hane
129.voar*-ɔro--ara--oro----aro-

See also

Further reading
  • Crevels, M. & van der Voort, H. (2008). The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area. In Muysken, P. (eds.), From linguistic areas to areal linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre
  • Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
  • Maldi, Denise. 1991. O Complexo Cultural do Marico: Sociedades Indígenas dos Rios Branco, Colorado e Mequens, Afluentes do Médio Guaporé. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia, vol. 7(2), p. 209-269.
  • Meireles, Denise Maldi. 1989. Guardiães da fronteira: Rio Guaporé, século XVIII. Petrópolis: Vozes. ISBN 85-326-0017-4.
  • Meirelles, Denise Maldi & Meirelles, Apoena. 1984. Tribos extintas e migrações indígenas em Rondônia (Do século XVII até os primeiros decênios do século XX). Anuário de Divulgação Científica, v. 10, p. 134-45. Goiânia: Universidade Católica de Goiás.
  • Nimuendajú, Curt. 1925. As tribus do alto Madeira. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 17: 137-172.
  • Ramirez, Henri. 2006. As línguas indígenas do Alto Madeira: estatuto atual e bibliografia básica. Língua Viva, vol. 1, n. 1.
  • Ramirez, Henri. 2010. Etnônimos e topônimos no Madeira (séculos XVI-XX): um sem-número de equívocos. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica, v. 2 n. 2, p. 179-224.
  • Sampaio, W. & da Silva Sinha, V. (2011). Fieldwork data from languages in Rondônia. Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL).

References
  1. Cronhamn, Sandra (2013). The spread of cultural vocabulary in Rondônia. B.A. honors thesis, Lund University.
  2. van der Voort, Hein (2008). Interethnic contact in the Guaporé region and its linguistic consequences. Lund University, 2008-06-03.
  3. Crevels, Mily; van der Voort, Hein (2008). "4. The Guaporé-Mamoré region as a linguistic area". From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 90. pp. 151–179. doi:10.1075/slcs.90.04cre. ISBN 978-90-272-3100-0. ISSN 0165-7763.
  4. Muysken, Pieter; Hammarström, Harald; Birchall, Joshua; Van Gijn, Rik; Krasnoukhova, Olga; Müller, Neele (2014). Linguistic areas: bottom-up or top-down? The case of the Guaporé-Mamoré. In: Comrie, Bernard; Golluscio, Lucia. Language Contact and Documentation / Contacto lingüístico y documentación. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 205-238.
  5. Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016). Uma reconstrução do proto-mamoré-guaporé (família arawák). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 7-37. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646164
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