Noncentral chi distribution

If ${\displaystyle X_{i}}$ are k independent, normally distributed random variables with means ${\displaystyle \mu _{i}}$ and variances ${\displaystyle \sigma _{i}^{2}}$, then the statistic

${\displaystyle Z={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{k}\left({\frac {X_{i}}{\sigma _{i}}}\right)^{2}}}}$

is distributed according to the noncentral chi distribution. The noncentral chi distribution has two parameters: ${\displaystyle k}$ which specifies the number of degrees of freedom (i.e. the number of ${\displaystyle X_{i}}$), and ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ which is related to the mean of the random variables ${\displaystyle X_{i}}$ by:

${\displaystyle \lambda ={\sqrt {\sum _{i=1}^{k}\left({\frac {\mu _{i}}{\sigma _{i}}}\right)^{2}}}}$

Let ${\displaystyle X_{j}=(X_{1j},X_{2j}),j=1,2,\dots n}$, be a set of n independent and identically distributed bivariate normal random vectors with marginal distributions ${\displaystyle N(\mu _{i},\sigma _{i}^{2}),i=1,2}$, correlation ${\displaystyle \rho }$, and mean vector and covariance matrix

${\displaystyle E(X_{j})=\mu =(\mu _{1},\mu _{2})^{T},\qquad \Sigma ={\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{11}&\sigma _{12}\\\sigma _{21}&\sigma _{22}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}\sigma _{1}^{2}&\rho \sigma _{1}\sigma _{2}\\\rho \sigma _{1}\sigma _{2}&\sigma _{2}^{2}\end{bmatrix}},}$

with ${\displaystyle \Sigma }$ positive definite. Define

${\displaystyle U=\left[\sum _{j=1}^{n}{\frac {X_{1j}^{2}}{\sigma _{1}^{2}}}\right]^{1/2},\qquad V=\left[\sum _{j=1}^{n}{\frac {X_{2j}^{2}}{\sigma _{2}^{2}}}\right]^{1/2}.}$

Then the joint distribution of U, V is central or noncentral bivariate chi distribution with n degrees of freedom.[2][3] If either or both ${\displaystyle \mu _{1}\neq 0}$ or ${\displaystyle \mu _{2}\neq 0}$ the distribution is a noncentral bivariate chi distribution.

• If ${\displaystyle X}$ is a random variable with the non-central chi distribution, the random variable ${\displaystyle X^{2}}$ will have the noncentral chi-squared distribution. Other related distributions may be seen there.
• If ${\displaystyle X}$ is chi distributed: ${\displaystyle X\sim \chi _{k}}$ then ${\displaystyle X}$ is also non-central chi distributed: ${\displaystyle X\sim NC\chi _{k}(0)}$. In other words, the chi distribution is a special case of the non-central chi distribution (i.e., with a non-centrality parameter of zero).
• A noncentral chi distribution with 2 degrees of freedom is equivalent to a Rice distribution with ${\displaystyle \sigma =1}$.
• If X follows a noncentral chi distribution with 1 degree of freedom and noncentrality parameter λ, then σX follows a folded normal distribution whose parameters are equal to σλ and σ² for any value of σ.