Minahasan languages
The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia. They belong to the Philippine subgroup.
| Minahasan | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | North Sulawesi, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Glottolog | mina1272 |
Considerable lexical influence comes from Spanish, Portuguese, and Ternate, a historical legacy of the presence of foreign powers.[1][2] The Minahasan languages are distinct from the Manado Malay (Minahasa Malay) language, which is Malayic in origin, and has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area.[3][4]
Classification
The languages are Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tombulu and Tonsea.[5]
The Minahasan languages are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[6]
The Bantik, Ratahan, and Ponosakan languages, although also spoken in the Minahasa region, are more distantly related, thus not covered by the term in a genealogical sense.[7][8]
Reconstruction
| Proto-Minahasan | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Minahasan languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
Proto-Minahasan (PMin) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1978).[9] The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1978:120–183) illustrates the correspondences between the Minahasan languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Minahasan innovations.[10]
| Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tondano | Tonsea | Tombulu | Tontemboan | Tonsawang | PMin | PAn | Meaning |
| təlu | tədu | təlu | təlu | təlu | *təlu | *təlu | 'three' |
| oat | oat | ohat | oʔat | ohatᶿ | *ohat | *huRaC | 'vein' |
| rui | dui | duhi | duʔi | duhi | *duhi | *duRi | 'bone' |
| ədo | əndo | əndo | əndo | əndo | *əndo | *qaləjaw | 'sun' |
| pate | pate | pate | pate | patᶿe | *pate | *paCay | 'kill' |
| Minahasan innovations | |||||||
| Tondano | Tonsea | Tombulu | Tontemboan | Tonsawang | PMin | PAn | Meaning |
| tələs | tələs | tələs | tələs | tələs | *tələs | (*bəli) | 'buy' |
| edo | endo | endo | indo | indo | *indo | (*alaq) | 'take' |
References
Notes
- Watuseke, F. S. (1965), "Kata-kata Ternate dalam bahasa Melaju-Manado dan bahasa-bahasa Minahasa", Pembina Bahasa Indonesia (in Indonesian), IX: 107–110
- Schouten, M. J. C. (1998), Leadership and social mobility in a Southeast Asian society: Minahasa, 1677–1983, Leiden: KITLV Press, pp. 39–40
- Watupongoh, Geraldine Y. J. Manoppo (1992), Struktur bahasa Tondano (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, p. 2
- Henley, David (1996), Nationalism and regionalism in a colonial context: Minahasa in the Dutch East Indies, Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 86
- Sneddon (1978), p. 9.
- Adelaar (2005), p. 16.
- Watuseke, F. S. (1956), "Bahasa Tondano", Bahasa dan budaja (in Indonesian), 4/5: 3–14
- Watuseke, F. S. (1977), "'Kolano' in the Tondano Language", Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian linguistics No. 2 (PDF), Pacific Linguistics A-33, C. Court, R. A. Blust, F. S. Watuseke, Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, pp. 123–132, doi:10.15144/PL-A33, retrieved 2022-12-24
- Sneddon (1978).
- Sneddon (1989), p. 85.
Bibliography
- Sneddon, James N. (1978). Proto-Minahasan: phonology, morphology, and wordlist. Pacific Linguistics B-54. Canberra: Austronesian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B54. ISBN 9780858831698.
- Sneddon, James N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi Microgroups: In Search of Higher Level Connections". In Sneddon, James N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics, Part 1 (PDF). NUSA Vol. 31. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya.
- Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.