Pu'er City

Pu'er is a prefecture-level city in southern Yunnan Province, China. The urban administrative center of Pu'er is Simao District, which is also the former name of the prefecture-level city itself. A major downturn in the price of tea in 2007 caused severe economic distress in the area.[4] The price of Pu'er has since recovered and Pu'er tea, a type of dark tea, still contributes much to the income of the area.

Pu'er
普洱市
Location of Pu'er City jurisdiction in Yunnan
Location of Pu'er City jurisdiction in Yunnan
Pu'er is located in Yunnan
Pu'er
Pu'er
Location of the city centre in Yunnan
Coordinates (Simao District government): 22°47′12″N 100°58′38″E
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceYunnan
GB/T 2260 CODE530800
Admin HQSimao District
Admin units
Area
  Total44,264.79 km2 (17,090.73 sq mi)
Elevation1,306 m (4,285 ft)
Highest elevation
3,306 m (10,846 ft)
Lowest elevation
376 m (1,234 ft)
Population
 (2010)
  Total2,542,898
  Density57/km2 (150/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard Time)
Postal code
665000
Area code0879
ISO 3166 codeCN-YN-08
Licence plate prefixes云J
Websitewww.puershi.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Yunnan Statistics Bureau[2] Yunnan Portal[3]
Pu'er City
Chinese普洱
PostalPuerh
Simao
Chinese思茅
PostalSzumao

Etymology

Nanzhao set a division called Bu'ri Jian (步日瞼)[note 1] in 839 AD; this was the first time the region was integrated into the administrative system of a Chinese dynasty. In the Yuan dynasty, the central government changed the name to Pu'ri (普日) in 1278. Finally in Ming dynasty, the name was changed to "Pu'er" (普耳) in 1384. The character of "er" () was changed to 洱 in Wanli Emperor period. The name "普洱" (Pu'er) has continued to be used to this day.[5]:31 Wa scholar Ni-ga states that the original name "Bu'ri" is the exonym of Blang people in Baraoke language, a dialect of Wa language, which means "my brother".[6]:83

Pu'er tea has the name "Pu'er" because Pu'er was the distribution centre of the tea produced in the south-west of Yunnan during the Ming and Qing dynasty.[7] Pu'er tea became world-famous, and the city Pu'er also became famous as a result of the tea.[8]

History

Its name was changed to Simao in 1950 following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, while its surrounding county was known as Pu'er.[9] In 2007, the town's name was changed back to Pu'er; the surrounding area became known as Ning'er County;[9] and the name Simao was taken by a town and district within the city. The change had an effect on the size of the official Pu'er tea production area, a major regional product.

Geography and climate

Pu'er is located in southern/southwestern Yunnan, on the lower reaches of the Mekong (known in Chinese as the Lancang), with the bordering prefectures being Yuxi to the northeast, Honghe to the east, Xishuangbanna to the south, Lincang to the northwest, and Dali and Chuxiong. It also shares borders with Vietnam (Điện Biên Province), Laos (Phongsaly Province), and Burma (Shan State), being the only prefecture in Yunnan to border all three countries. As with much of the province, mountainous terrain dominates its administrative area, covering 98.3%. Elevations range from 376 to 3,306 metres (1,234 to 10,846 ft).[1]

Located at an altitude of above 1,300 m (4,300 ft) and within a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer, Pu'er, as with much of southern Yunnan, has a warm humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with muddled distinction between the seasons and daytime temperatures remaining warm year-round. Highs peak in April and May before the core of the rainy season and reach a minimum in December; however, the warmest and coolest months are June and January, respectively at 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) and 13.7 °C (56.7 °F); the annual mean is 19.3 °C (66.7 °F). June through September accounts for nearly 70% of the annual rainfall of 1,442 mm (56.8 in) and during this time, some rainfall occurs on most days, pushing relative humidity above 80% and there is a marked reduction in sunshine. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 27% in July to 69% in February, the city receives 2,206 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Climate data for Pu'er (Simao District, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.6
(81.7)
29.8
(85.6)
32.0
(89.6)
34.0
(93.2)
35.7
(96.3)
33.5
(92.3)
31.8
(89.2)
32.3
(90.1)
31.0
(87.8)
30.1
(86.2)
27.3
(81.1)
25.5
(77.9)
35.7
(96.3)
Average high °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0)
23.6
(74.5)
26.7
(80.1)
28.6
(83.5)
28.6
(83.5)
27.9
(82.2)
26.9
(80.4)
27.2
(81.0)
26.8
(80.2)
25.0
(77.0)
22.9
(73.2)
20.5
(68.9)
25.5
(77.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.7
(56.7)
15.4
(59.7)
18.6
(65.5)
21.1
(70.0)
22.4
(72.3)
23.0
(73.4)
22.5
(72.5)
22.4
(72.3)
21.7
(71.1)
20.0
(68.0)
16.8
(62.2)
14.0
(57.2)
19.3
(66.7)
Average low °C (°F) 8.7
(47.7)
9.4
(48.9)
12.2
(54.0)
15.3
(59.5)
18.1
(64.6)
20.1
(68.2)
20.1
(68.2)
19.8
(67.6)
18.9
(66.0)
17.0
(62.6)
13.1
(55.6)
9.9
(49.8)
15.2
(59.4)
Record low °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)
2.4
(36.3)
0.8
(33.4)
7.1
(44.8)
10.8
(51.4)
14.5
(58.1)
15.0
(59.0)
14.8
(58.6)
11.3
(52.3)
4.9
(40.8)
2.0
(35.6)
−0.9
(30.4)
−2.5
(27.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.3
(1.07)
15.3
(0.60)
27.7
(1.09)
54.9
(2.16)
138.7
(5.46)
200.5
(7.89)
322.4
(12.69)
286.1
(11.26)
175.9
(6.93)
119.7
(4.71)
49.5
(1.95)
24.2
(0.95)
1,442.2
(56.76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 4.0 3.3 4.5 9.0 15.7 21.5 25.3 24.2 19.3 14.1 6.2 4.2 151.3
Average relative humidity (%) 75 66 60 63 71 80 84 84 82 81 80 80 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 228.4 224.0 235.9 239.1 210.1 148.1 111.7 128.3 146.1 152.1 187.6 194.5 2,205.9
Percent possible sunshine 68 69 63 63 51 37 27 32 40 43 57 59 51
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[10][11]
Source 2: Weather China[12]

Administrative divisions

Map
Name Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin Population
(2010)
Area (km²) Density
(/km²)
Simao District 思茅区 Sīmáo Qū 296,500 4,093 72
Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County 宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县 Níng'ěr Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn 185,700 3,670 51
Mojiang Hani Autonomous County 墨江哈尼族自治县 Mòjiāng Hānízú Zìzhìxiàn 360,500 5,459 66
Jingdong Yi Autonomous County 景东彝族自治县 Jǐngdōng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn 359,500 4,532 79
Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County 景谷傣族彝族自治县 Jǐnggǔ Dǎizú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn 291,700 7,777 38
Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County 镇沅彝族哈尼族拉祜族自治县 Zhènyuán Yízú Hānízú Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn 208,600 4,223 49
Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County 江城哈尼族彝族自治县 Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn 121,500 3,476 35
Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County 孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县 Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn 135,500 1,957 69
Lancang Lahu Autonomous County 澜沧拉祜族自治县 Láncāng Lāhùzú Zìzhìxiàn 491,900 8,807 56
Ximeng Va Autonomous County 西盟佤族自治县 Xīméng Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn 91,300 1,391 66

Demographics

According to the Sixth National Census in 2010, the city’s Permanent Population (hukou) was 2,542,898.[13] Compared with the Fifth National Census, the ten-year increase was 147,650, an increase of 6.16%. The average annual increase of 14,765 people, the average annual growth rate of 0.59%. Among them, there are 1,339,502 males, accounting for 52.68% of the total population; 1,203,396 females, accounting for 47.32% of the total population. The sex ratio of the total population (female is 100) is 111.31. The population aged 0-14 is 456,130, accounting for 17.94%; the population aged 15-64 is 1,902,145, accounting for 74.80%; the population aged 65 and over is 184,623, accounting for 7.26%. The population living in cities and towns was 788,298, accounting for 31.0% of the total population; the population living in rural areas was 1,754,600, accounting for 69.0% of the total population.

Nationality

Among the resident population, the Han population is 991,585, accounting for 38.99% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population is 1,551,313, accounting for 61.01% of the total population.

Ethnic Composition of Pu'er City (November 2010)[14]
National name HanHaniYiLahuWaDaiBulangHuiBaiHmongOthers
Population 9915854546664210523039371501641441171554313221131731272722713
Proportion of total population (%) 38.9917.8816.5611.955.915.670.610.520.520.500.89
Proportion of minority population (%) ---29.3127.1419.599.689.291.000.850.850.821.46

Transport

Notes

  1. Jian (瞼) is the proper name of the administrative division of Nanzhao.

References

  1. 普洱城市介绍以及其后背景分析——中国天气网 最好最全面天气预报信息资讯平台 (in Chinese (China)). Weather China. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
  2. 云南省统计局 (in Chinese (China)). Yunnan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  3. 云南省人民政府门户网站 (in Chinese (China)). Yunnan People's Government. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  4. Jacobs, Andrew (17 January 2009). "A County in China sees Its Fortune in Tea Leaves until a Bubble Bursts, International Herald Tribune, January 17, 2009". New York Times.
  5. Codification Committee of Annals of Pu'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan (1993). Li, Zi-kang; Zhao, Hua-yun (eds.). 普洱哈尼族彝族自治县志 [Annals of Pu'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County] (in Chinese). Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company. ISBN 7-108-00596-4.
  6. Ni-ga (1999). 佤族历史与文化研究 [Studies of the History and Culture of Wa People] (in Chinese). Mangshi: Dehong Nationalities Publishing House. ISBN 7-80525-480-X.
  7. Fang, Guo-yu (2001). "普洱茶" [Pu'er Tea]. 方国瑜文集(第四辑) [Guoyu Collection Volume 4] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan Education Publishing House. pp. 426–430. ISBN 7-5415-1943-X.
  8. Jiang, Wen-zhong (2012). ""普洱茶"得名历史考证" [Study of the Etymology and the History of Pu'er Tea]. 云南社会科学 (Social Sciences in Yunnan) (in Chinese) (5): 142–144. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8691.2012.05.030.
  9. "Tea, City Share Pu'er Name", CRI English, Beijing: China Radio International, 8 April 2007, archived from the original on November 17, 2006.
  10. 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  11. 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  12. 普洱 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  13. Pu’er Statistics Bureau. "Puer 2010 Sixth National Census Main Data Bulletin".
  14. Yunnan Provincial Census Office, Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics (September 2012). "Yunnan Provincial Census Data in 2010". China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-6548-3.
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