List of political parties in Russia

Certificate of state registration of political parties in Russia, issued by the Ministry of Justice of Russia

After the Perestroika reforms in the 1980s Russia had over 100 registered parties, but the people elected to the State Duma represented only a small number of parties. After 2000, during Vladimir Putin's first presidency (2000–2008), the number of parties quickly decreased. From 2008 to 2012 there were only seven parties in Russia, and every new attempt to register new, independent parties was blocked. The last-registered party of this period was the government-organized Right Cause (now the Party of Growth) which was registered on 18 February 2009. Before the 2011 parliamentary election, about 10 opposition parties were denied registration.

In December 2004, amendments were introduced providing for a minimum number of party members of 50 thousand and the presence of more than 45 regional branches (500 people each). By January 1, 2006, all parties had to submit documents proving that their party structures comply with the requirements of the law on the minimum number of members and the number of regional branches.[3][4]

In 2009, a bill was introduced to reduce, from January 1, 2010, the number of parties required for state registration from 50,000 to 45,000 (in the regional branches of parties - from 500 to 450 members). By January 1, 2012, the mandatory minimum number of party members will be set at 40 thousand, and in the regional branches of the party - up to 400.[5]

On February 28, 2012, an election law was adopted, parties were exempted from collecting signatures and making a cash deposit for nominating a party and its candidate, and gubernatorial elections were restored. The number of required signatures for candidates for the presidential elections in Russia has been reduced, instead of 2 million now it is enough: 100,000 from parties, and 300,000 for self-nominated candidates. The electoral threshold for parties has been reduced from 7% to 5%.[6]

On March 20, 2012, the State Duma approved a presidential bill to reduce the minimum number of political parties, which allows for their creation in Russia instead of 40,000 only 500 people, and for registering a regional branch - instead of 500 - only 5 people.

However, after a series of mass protests and a 2011 European Court decision on the case of the Republican Party of Russia (now the People's Freedom Party), the law changed and the number of registered parties quickly increased to more than 48 as of December 2012.

In 2001, the federal law "On political parties" was adopted. All parties had to be re-registered. Parties have been assigned the status of the only type of public association that has the right to independently nominate candidates for deputies and other elective positions in government bodies. One of the important provisions of the law is the establishment of a single national status of a political party, and, as a result, the liquidation of regional and interregional political public associations.[3] According to paragraph 1 of Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 95-FZ “On Political Parties”, a political party in Russia is recognized as "a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political actions, in elections and referendums, as well as in order to represent the interests of citizens in state authorities and local governments".[9]

According to studies, United Russia voters in 2007 were younger and more market-oriented than the average voter. The party's electorate includes a substantial share of government employees, pensioners and military personnel, who are dependent on the state for their livelihood.[10] Sixty-four percent of United Russia supporters are female. According to researchers, this could be because women place a great value on stability. In the run-up to the 2011 Duma elections, it was reported that support for United Russia was growing among young people.[11]

In April 2023, a survey on the issue of the dissolution of the United Russia Party was conducted among Russians. According to the constitution, the multinational people of Russia are the source of power, so why not see how the people would react to such a proposal? About 2,500 people participated in the survey, mostly aged 45+. To the question "Is it necessary to dissolve the United Russia party with the inability of its members to participate in political life in the future?" the answers were distributed as follows: I am for dissolution without permission to participate in political life in the future - 65%; I am against dissolution - 3%; I am for dissolution, but with permission to participate in political life in the future - 6%; I am for the dissolution of all bourgeois parties - 26%[12]However, this poll also shows a lot – people are dissatisfied with the actions of the ruling party. Anti-people laws and initiatives, complete isolation from reality and everyday life of the average citizen are bearing fruit. Bourgeois deputies do not understand the interests and aspirations of the common people. Although they don't need it.[13]

All parties registered by the Ministry of Justice have the right to participate in any elections all over the country. The list is placed on the Justice Ministry website. In December 2012, there were 48 registered parties in Russia; 6 of them are currently represented in the State Duma as of 2021.

Parties represented in the State Duma and the Federation Council

Party				Est.	Leader	Ideology	Stance towards war in Ukraine	State Duma	Federation Council	Regional	Political position	Alliances
		ER ЕР	United Russia Единая Россия	2001	Dmitry Medvedev	Statism Russian conservatism Russian nationalism	Pro-Minsk agreement[14][15]	325 / 450	136 / 178	2,849 / 3,994	Big tent	ONF
		KPRF КПРФ	Communist Party of the Russian Federation Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации	1993	Gennady Zyuganov	Communism Marxism–Leninism Left-wing nationalism Democratic socialism Neo-Stalinism	Pro-special military operation[16]	57 / 450	4 / 178	449 / 3,994	Left-wing to far-left	UCP–CPSU International: IMCWP
		SRZP СРЗП	A Just Russia — For Truth Справедливая Россия — За правду	2006	Sergey Mironov, Zakhar Prilepin, Gennady Semigin	Social democracy Democratic socialism Social conservatism Russian nationalism	Pro-war[17]	28 / 450	3 / 178	230 / 3,994	Centre to centre-left	ONF
		LDPR ЛДПР	Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Либерально-демократическая партия России	1992	Leonid Slutsky	Pan-Slavism Monarchism Economic interventionism Social conservatism Right-wing populism Ultranationalism	Pro-war	21 / 450	3 / 178	320 / 3,994	Right-wing to far-right
		NL НЛ	New People Новые люди	2020	Alexey Nechayev	Communitarianism Regionalism Direct democracy	Formerly, moderately anti-war.[18][19][20] Now pro-war.[21]	15 / 450	0 / 178	7 / 3,994	Centre-right	ONF, SPPS
		Rodina Родина	Rodina Родина	2003, 2012	Aleksey Zhuravlyov	Russian nationalism Russian conservatism Social conservatism Right-wing populism	Pro-war	1 / 450	0 / 178	6 / 3,994	Far-right	ONF
		PR ПР	Party of Growth Партия роста	2016	Boris Titov	Liberal conservatism Conservative liberalism Economic liberalism	Anti-war for economic reasons. Pro-peace talks[22][23]	1 / 450	0 / 178	8 / 3,994	Centre-right	ONF, SPPS
		GP ГП	Civic Platform Гражданская платформа	2012	Rifat Shaykhutdinov	Liberal conservatism Economic liberalism	Pro-war	1 / 450	0 / 178	6 / 3,994	Centre-right

Parties represented in the regional parliaments

Name				Founded	Leader	Ideology	Stance towards Vladimir Putin	Stance towards war in Ukraine	Regional parliaments	Position	Alliances
		RPPSJ РППСС	Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice Российская партия пенсионеров за социальную справедливость	1997, 2012	Vladimir Burakov	Pensioners' interests Elderly interests Social justice Single-issue politics	Supportive[24]	No position	16 / 3,994	Centre
		Yabloko Яблоко	Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" Российская объединённая демократическая партия «Яблоко»	1993	Nikolay Rybakov	Social liberalism Progressivism Feminism Anti-war Pro-Europeanism	Hard Opposition[24]	Anti-war: Opposing the invasion and demanding an immediate ceasefire.[25][26] Yabloko openly condemned the illegal annexations of Ukrainian territories[27] and demanded the withdrawal of troops from Ukraine.[28]	13 / 3,994	Centre-left	International: LI European: ALDE Party EGP (associated faction)
		CPCR КПКР	Communist Party "Communists of Russia" Коммунистическая партия «Коммунисты России»	2012	Maxim Suraykin	Communism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Anti-revisionism		Pro-war[29]	7 / 3,994	Far-left	International: IMCWP (observer)
		REP «The Greens» РЭП «Зелёные»	Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" Российская экологическая партия «Зелёные»	1992, 2012	Andrey Nagibin	Green politics Agrarianism	Supportive[24]	Pro-war	4 / 3,994	Centre to centre-left	ONF EAGP
		RPFJ РПСС	Russian Party of Freedom and Justice Российская партия свободы и справедливости	2012	Maksim Shevchenko	Patriotism	Supportive[24]	No known position	3 / 3,994	Centre-left
		PB ПД	Party of Business Партия дела	2010	Konstantin Babkin	Green politics Protectionism Economic nationalism		No known position	2 / 3,994	Centre to centre-left
		GA! ЗА!	Green Alternative Зелёная альтернатива	2020	Ruslan Khvostov	Green politics Environmentalism Pro-Europeanism		No known position	2 / 3,994	Centre-left
		PDD ППД	Party of the Direct Democracy[30] Партия прямой демократии	2020	Oleg Artamonov	Direct democracy E-Democracy		No known position	1 / 3,994	Centre-right