List of active separatist movements in Europe
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]
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Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.
Austria
- Proposition: Greater Autonomy for Carinthia[5][6][7]
- Ethnic group: Carinthian Slovenes
- Political party: Enotna Lista (EFA member)
Azerbaijan
 Current military situation in the region  Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic |
Territory of the former .svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
- People: Armenians in Azerbaijan
- De facto state:
Artsakh (recognised by 3 non-UN members)
- Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle,[8] unification with
Armenia,[9] or unification with 
Russia.[10] - Political organisation: National Assembly
- Military organisation: Artsakh Defense Army
- Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on self-determination principle,[8] unification with
- De facto state:
Territory of the short-lived 
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People: Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[11] or independence.[12]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic[13]
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan[11] or independence.[12]
- Ethnic group: Lezgins
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for
Lezgistan - Political organisation:
Sadval movement,[14][15] Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
- Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for
Belgium
 Communities:
Flemish and French Community
|
- Autonomist movements
- People: Flemish
- Autonomous area: Flanders[16]
- Movements: Flemish Movement
- Autonomous area: Flanders[16]
- People: Walloons
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[17]
- Movements: Walloon Movement
- Autonomous area: Wallonia[17]
- Secessionist movements
Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes 
Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Flemish
- Proposed state: Flanders, unification with the
Netherlands[18][19][20]
- Political parties: New Flemish Alliance (member of the European Free Alliance), Libertair, Direct, Democratisch, Vlaams Belang and Flemish-Socialist Movement
- Movements: Vlaamse Volksbeweging (VVB), Overlegcentrum van Vlaamse Verenigingen, Taal Aktie Komitee and Voorpost
- Proposed state:
Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes Brussels-Capital Region)
- People: Walloons
- Proposed state: Wallonia, unification with
France[21][22][18]
- Political parties: Walloon Rally, Rassemblement Wallonie France
- Proposed state:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Secessionist movements
- People: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed: independence or unification with
Serbia[23][24]
- Political organisation: National Assembly of Republika Srpska (Government of Republika Srpska)
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[25]
- Proposed: independence or unification with
- Autonomist movements
Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia
- People: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Proposed state: Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a refounded third entity of Bosnia-Herzegovina[26]
- Political organisation: Croatian National Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina[27]
- Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian Democratic Union 1990, Croatian Christian Democratic Union
- Proposed state:
Croatia
The Istria County in Croatia.
- Autonomist movements
- People: Istrians (Croats, Istrian Italians, Istro-Romanians, and Istriot-speakers)
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Istria within Croatia[29]
- Political party: Istrian Democratic Assembly (factions, not officially)[30][31]
- Proposed: Autonomy for
Cyprus
The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus
- People: Turkish Cypriots
- De facto state:
Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey)
- Proposed: re-unification with
Cyprus,[32] unification with 
Turkey[33] or recognition of Northern Cyprus[34] - Political organisation: Government of Northern Cyprus
- Militant organisation: Security Forces Command
- Proposed: re-unification with
- De facto state:
Czechia
Denmark
.svg.png.webp)
- People: Faroese
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands[38][36] or autonomy[39]
- Political parties: Republican Party, Progress, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state:
Minor Movements
- Proposed state:
Bornholm[40] - Proposed autonomous area: Bornholm
- Political party: Bornholm's Self-Government Party
Finland
Åland
- People: Åland Swedes
- Proposed state:
Åland[41]
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
France
- Secessionist movements
Location of the Basque Country
French Basque Country/
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- People: Basque
- Proposed state: unification with the Basque Country and
Navarre – Euskal Herria[42][43][44] as an independent state or autonomy.[45]
- Political parties: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party).
- Trade unions: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: Gazte Abertzaleak, Segi
- Militant organisations: Irrintzi
- Proposed state: unification with the
Location of Brittany
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and parts of 
Pays de la Loire
- People: Bretons
- Proposed state: Brittany[40]
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League[46]
- Political parties: Breton Democratic Union, Adsav, Strollad Breizh, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Talbenn Dieubiñ Breizh (Breton Revolutionary Army) (ARB)
- Proposed state:
Location of Corsica
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed state:
Corsica[47][40]
- Political party: Corsica Libera, Pè a Corsica
- Militant group: National Liberation Front of Corsica
- Proposed state:
Location of Occitania
- People: Occitans
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Occitania or autonomy
- Political parties: Partit de la Nacion Occitana
- Political movement: Assemblada Occitana,[48][49] Libertat
- Proposed state:
The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders
- People: Flemings
- Proposed state: French Flanders, Pale of Calais and Audomarois and re-unification with West Flanders, East Flanders, Tournaisis and Zeelandic Flanders into an independent Flemish state, unification with the Netherlands (separatist) or
.svg.png.webp)
Belgium (autonomist)[50][51]
- Political party: Flemish movement
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Location of Provence
- People: Provençals (Occitans)
- Proposed state:
Provence or autonomy
- Militant group: Front Nacionala Liberacion de Provença[52]
- Political party: Prouvènço Nacioun[53]
- Proposed state:
Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales
- People: Northern Catalans
- Proposed state: Catalonia or unification with Catalan Countries (Spain)
- Political parties: Esquerra Republicana- Catalunya del Nord,[54] Oui au Pays Catalan (autonomist),[55] Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy organisations: Catalunya Nord per la independència,[56] Òmnium Catalunya Nord[57]
- Youth organisations: Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana (Catalunya Nord)[58]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Pieds-Noirs
- Political party: Etat Pied-Noir[59][60][61][62]
- Status: Active (Established in 2016)
- Proposed state: The federation of the two shores
- Proposed: "Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Piedmont into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[63]
- Political parties: Piemonte Stato[63]
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Tahiti or Kingdom of Tahiti
- Political party (secessionist): Tavini Huiraatira
- Political parties (autonomist): A here ia Porinetia, ʻĀmuitahiraʻa o te Nūnaʻa Māʻohi, Ia Ora te Nuna'a, Tāpura Huiraʻatira, No Oe E Te Nunaa
_(Polynesia_centered).svg.png.webp)
- Ethnic groups: Kanaks, Caldoche
- Proposed state:
New Caledonia or Kanaky
- Autonomist movements
Location of Normandy
- People: Alsatians (Allemanics)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Alsace[64][65][66]
- Political parties: Elsass Zuerst, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Bretons
- Proposed autonomous area: Brittany[66][40]
- Political party: Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Corsicans
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica[40][47]
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Savoyans
- Proposed autonomous area:
Savoy[70][71][72]
- Political party: Movement Règion Savouè (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Occitans
- Proposed autonomous area: Occitania
- Political parties: Partit Occitan[73] (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Main article: Nationalisme franc-comtois
- Proposed autonomous area:
Franche Comté[74]
- Political party: Mouvement Franche-Comté
Georgia
Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia
- People: Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia[75] (recognized by 6 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of Abkhazia as an independent state.
- Political organisation: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organisation: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- People: Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia[76] (recognized by 5 UN members) - Proposition: Recognition of South Ossetia as an independent state or unification with Russia[77][78][79][80]
- Political organisation: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organisation: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance[81][82][83]
- Proposed: Autonomy for the region
Germany
- People: Bavarians, Franconians, Swabians
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
.svg.png.webp)
.svg.png.webp)
Free State of Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[84][85][86]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Saxony
- Political party: Free Saxons[87][88][89]
- Political party:
- Proposition: Independence or autonomy
- Ethnic group: Frisians
- Political party: Die Friesen (former EFA member)[90][91][92]
- proposed new state of Germany:
Franconia
- political party: Party for Franconia[93]
Greece
- Proposition: Greater rights or creation of Republic of Chameria[94][95][96]
- Ethnic group: Cham Albanians
- Advocacy group: Democratic Foundation of Chameria (UNPO member which advocates for greater Cham rights)
- Militant organization: Liberation Army of Chameria (status unknown)
Hungary
Italy
- People: Friulians
- Proposed state:
Friuli
- Political parties:
- Secessionist parties: Res Publica Furlane-Parlament Furlan,[100] Patrie Furlane, Friulian Front,[101]
- Autonomist parties: Pact for Autonomy[101]
- Political parties:
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Republic of Lombardy or autonomy.
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega per l'Autonomia – Alleanza Lombarda[102]
- Political parties (secessionist): Pro Lombardy Independence, Lega Lombarda[103][104]
- Proposed state:
Padania[105]
- Political parties (autonomist): Lega Nord, Great North[106][107]
- Political parties (secessionist): Lega Nord (formerly),[106] Lega Padana, Padanian Union, Alpine Padanian Union
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Mezzogiorno[108][109] or Ausonia
- Political parties (secessionist and autonomist):[110] We the South, Great South, Movement for Autonomy[111]
- Political parties (secessionist): Autonomy South, Force of the South and I the South, Lega Sud Ausonia[112]
- People: Sicilians
- Proposed state:
Sicily[113][105]
- Political parties (autonomist): Sicilian Socialist Party, Party of the Sicilians Movement for Autonomy[111]
- Political parties (secessionist): Free Sicilians[114][115]
- Groups: Sicilian National Front,[116] Sicilia Nazione,[117] Sicilian National Liberation Movement.[118]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed: Greater autonomy or independence for South Tyrol or unification with Tyrol in Austria[119][120]
- Political parties: Die Freiheitlichen (independence), South Tyrolean Freedom (unification)
- Proposed: "Proposed Federating of Nice, Savoy, Valle d'Aosta, Liguria and Piedmont into a multilingual and plurinational state on the Swiss model."[63]
- Political parties: piemonte stato,[63]
- Ethnic group: Tuscans
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
Tuscany - Political party: Tuscan Autonomist Movement, Toscano Stato[121][122][123]
- Proposed: independence or greater autonomy for
- Proposed state:
Republic of Venice or autonomy[124][125][126]
- Political parties (autonomist): Liga Veneta, Veneto for Autonomy[127]
- Political parties (secessionist): Party of Venetians, Venetian Independence, We Are Veneto, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetian People's Unity, Venetian Left
- youth organization: Independentist Youth
- Proposed state: Free Territory of Trieste
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for Aosta
- Political party: Valdostan Union[131][132][133]
- Ethnic group: Sardinian people
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Sardinia.[134][135] - Advocacy groups: Canton Marittimo[136]
- Political parties: Sardinian Action Party
- Proposition: Greater autonomy or independence for
Kosovo
- People: Kosovo Serbs
- Proposed state:
Community of Serb Municipalities within 
Kosovo[137]
- Political organisations: Assembly of the Community of Municipalities (status unknown), Serb List[138]
- Proposed state:
Lithuania
- Ethnic group: Samogitians
- Proposed autonomous region:
Samogitia[139]
- Political party: Samogitian Party
- Proposed autonomous region:
Malta
- People: Gozitan
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gozo[140]
- Political organisation: People's Party (Malta),[141] Gozo Party (Defunct)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Moldova
.svg.png.webp){kind=spacer}
- Breakaway state
- People: Equal proportions of Russians, Ukrainians and Moldovans
- De facto state:
.svg.png.webp)
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Proposed state: Transnistria [142] or unification with Russia[142]
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Militant organisation: Army of Transnistria
- Political organisation: Government of Transnistria
- Proposed state:
- De facto state:
Netherlands
- People: Frisians, West Frisians
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for
West Frisia, or an independent state for all Frisian lands in Germany and the Netherlands.
: 
Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)(Greater autonomy)[143][144]
- Advocacy Groups: Groep fan Auwerk (independence)[145]
- Proposition: Greater autonomy for
Poland
Silesia on map of Poland, Germany and Czech Republic
Map of Danzig in 1939
- People: Silesians
- Proposed autonomous area:
Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement,[146][147] First Self-Governance League
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Kashubians
- Proposed state:
Free City of Danzig
- Political organisation: Free City of Danzig Government in Exile[151][152]
- Proposed autonomous region:
Greater Poland Voivodeship
- Political party: Konfederacja Wielkopolanie[158]
Romania
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)
- People: Romanians, Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[160]
- Political party: Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party[161]
- Advocacy organisations: Liga Pro Europa,[162] Provincia,[162] Autonomy for Transylvania[163] Székely-Hungarian National Guard,[164][165][166] Democratic League of Transylvania (Liga Transilvania Democrată),[167][168] League of Banat (Liga Bănățeană)[169][170]
- Proposed autonomous area or state: Transylvania or Banat[160]
The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania
- People: Székelys
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Székely Land
- Political organisations: Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, the demand for Hungarian autonomy has been part of their program since 1993.[171] Hungarian Civic Party, they signed a settlement with the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania about cooperation and joint support for Hungarian autonomy.[172] Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (PPMT), the party proposes the establishments of Transylvanian parliament and government and supports the case of Székely autonomy in Székely Land.[173] It also advocates territorial autonomy for Partium.[174]
- Advocacy organisations: Szekler National Council[175]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
- Advocacy organisations: Hungarian National Council of Transylvania[176]
- Proposed autonomous area: Partium
Russia
NOTE: Only movements created prior to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine are represented here, due to the fact that most of the new movements function as online organizations and have little to no political or cultural influence.
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- People: Tver Karelians
- People: Russians
- Proposed state and federal subject:
Zalessian Rus’
- Advocacy group: Committee of National Democrats
- Proposed state and federal subject:
- People: Chechens
- Proposed state:
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (government in exile) - Government in exile: Ichkerian government in exile (Proposed to be recognized by UN member: Ukraine)
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists, Ajnad al-Kavkaz, Chechen volunteers in Ukraine
- Advocacy group: Adat People's Movement[181]
- Proposed state:
Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus[182]
- People: Peoples of the Caucasus
- Proposed state: Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
- Militant organisation: Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
- Advocacy groups: Ichkerian government in exile[183]
- Proposed state:
- People: Circassians
- Proposed state:
Circassia
- Advocacy groups: Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi; Adyghe Khase; International Circassian Association (former member of UNPO)
- Proposed state:
- People: Peoples of Dagestan
- Proposed state(s) or federal subjects (disunited Dagestan): United Dagestan or Aghulistan, Avaria, Lezgistan, Darginstan, Lakistan, Rutulstan and Tabarasanstan.
- Advocacy groups: Federal Lezghin National and Cultural Autonomy, other local movements.[185]
- Proposed state(s) or federal subjects (disunited Dagestan): United Dagestan or Aghulistan, Avaria, Lezgistan, Darginstan, Lakistan, Rutulstan and Tabarasanstan.
- People: Ingush
- Proposed state:
Ingushetia
- Militant organisation: Ingush Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Ingush Independence Committee
- Proposed state:
- People: Circassians, Karachays, Cossacks
- Proposed federal subjects: Cherkessia, Karachay Republic, Cossack Republic or unification with
Stavropol Krai
- Proposed federal subjects: Cherkessia, Karachay Republic, Cossack Republic or unification with
- People: Pomors
- People: Russian
- Proposed state and federal subject:
Baltic Republic/Königsberg
- Advocacy groups: Kaliningrad Public Movement, Respublika Movement[191]
- Proposed state and federal subject:
- People: Komi
- Proposed state:
Komi Republic
- Advocacy groups: Komi Voityr, Komi Republican Organization, Finno-Ugric organizations (such as World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples)[192]
- Proposed state:
- People: Russians, Izhorians, Ingrians, Votes
- Proposed state and federal subject:
Ingria
- Militant oeganisation: Ingrian Battalion (part of the Siberian Battalion of the Civic Council)[193]
- Advocacy groups: Free Ingria, Ingria Without Borders,[194] Ingermanland National Cultural Autonomy[189]
- Militant oeganisation: Ingrian Battalion (part of the Siberian Battalion of the Civic Council)[193]
- Proposed state and federal subject:
- People: Karelians, Vepsians, Russians, Finns, Pomors
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Karelia
- Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Advocacy groups: Karelian National Movement, Finno-Ugric organizations (such as World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples)[192]
- Militant organisation: Karelian National Battalion
- Proposed state:
- People: Vepsians
- Proposed subdivision:
Veps National Volost
- Advocacy groups: Karelian Congress, Veps Culture Society
- Proposed subdivision:
- People: Kuban Cossacks
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Kuban
- Advocacy movements: Kuban Cossack Host, Cossack cultural movements[189]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- People: Don Cossacks
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Don Republic, 
Cossackia or Region of the Don Host Oblast
- Advocacy movements: Don Cossack Host, Cossack cultural movements[189]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed:
Crimean Tatar autonomy within unitary 
Ukraine[197]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
Republic of Kalmykia[198][199][200]
- People: Kalmyks
- Proposed state: Kalmykia, unification with
Astrakhan Oblast[201]
- Advocacy group: Oirat-Kalmyk People's Congress
- Proposed state:
Sverdlovsk Oblast (sometimes 
Chelyabinsk Oblast, 
Kurgan Oblast, 
Perm Krai and 
Orenburg Oblast)[189][190]
- People: Russians
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Ural Republic
- Advocacy groups: Ural Democratic Foundation, Free Ural, other smaller groups[189]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- People: Bashkirs
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Bashkortostan[202] - Militant organisation: Committee of Bashkir Resistance,[203] Bashkir Company[204]
- Advocacy groups: Bashkort movement, Bashkir National-Political Center of Lithuania, Free Idel-Ural[205]
- Proposed state:
- People: Chuvash
- Proposed state:
Chuvashia or Volga Bulgaria[206][207]
- Advocacy Movements: Chuvash National Movement, Chuvash Republican Youth, Free Idel-Ural
- Proposed state:
- People: Bashkirs, Chuvash, Erzya, Mari, Mokshas, Russians, Tatars, Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Idel-Ural Republic
- Advocacy group: Free Idel-Ural[208]
- Proposed state:
- People: Permyaks
- Proposed federal subject and state:
Komi-Permyakia
- Advocacy groups: Finno-Ugric organizations (such as World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples)[192]
- Proposed federal subject and state:
- People: Mari
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Mari El
- Advocacy groups: Mari Ushem, Kugeze mlande, Mari Mer Kagash,[210] Free Idel-Ural, Finno-Ugric organizations (such as World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples)[192]
- Proposed state:
- People: Tatars
- Proposed state:
Tatarstan - Government in exile: Tatarstan government in exile[213]
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Advocacy groups: The Union of Tatar Youth, Tatar Patriotic Front Altyn Urda, Tatar Social Center, Ittifaq Party, Free Idel-ural
- Militant organisation: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state:
- People: Udmurts
- Proposed state:
Udmurtia
- Advocacy groups:Udmurt Kenesh, Free Idel-Ural, Finno-Ugric organizations (such as World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples)[192]
- Proposed state:
Serbia
Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well
- Autonomist movements
- Proposals for Hungarian Regional Autonomy[215] in the northern part of Vojvodina:
- People: Bosniaks of Serbia
- Proposed autonomous province:
Sandžak - Advocacy groups (autonomist): Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, Islamic Community in Serbia[216]
- Proposed autonomous province:
- Separatist movements
- ethnic group: Albanians in Serbia
- proposal: Independence for the Preševo Valley[217] or unification with Kosovo
- political party: Association of Albanian Municipalities[218]
- militant organization: Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (Defunct)
- proposal: Independence for the Preševo Valley[217] or unification with
- People: Albanians in Kosovo
- Proposed: Republic of Kosovo
- De facto state: Republic of Kosovo (recognised by 52% of UN member states)
- Political organisation: Government of Kosovo
- Movement: Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
- De facto state:
Slovakia
Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011
- Autonomist movements
Southern Slovakia:
- People: Hungarians
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[219] or unification with
Hungary
- Political parties (autonomist): Party of the Hungarian Community,[220] In 2010, the party renewed their demand for autonomy.[221]
- Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[219] or unification with
Spain
Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements
proposed extent of the Catalan country
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country (autonomous community) and Navarre
- People: Basques
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria[42]
- Political parties: Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea (Basque Nationalist Party) (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Bildu, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza (Basque Nationalist Action), Alternatiba
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Haika] (illegalised) Segi, Ikasle Abertzaleak
- Proposed state:
- People: Catalans
- Proposal state: Catalan Republic –
Catalan Countries (i.e. including other Catalan-speaking areas)
- Political parties (independentist): Republican Left of Catalonia (33/135), Together for Catalonia (32/135), Popular Unity Candidacy (9/135), supported by other small parties and civil organisations Corròp, Popular Unity Candidacy
- Political parties (autonomist): Catalunya en Comú–Podem (8/135)
- Civil organisations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural, Association of Municipalities for Independence, Procés Constituent, Catalunya Acció, Sobirania i Progrés, Committees for the Defense of the Republic, Negres Tempestes
- Trade unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran, La Forja, Jovent Republicà, Joves d'Esquerra Verda, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Joventut Comunista de Catalunya
- Proposal state:
- People: Galicians
- Proposed state:
Galiza (possibly containing Galicia irredenta territories in Asturias and Castille and León), or unification with 
Portugal
- Political party: Galician Nationalist Bloc (Galician Nationalist Bloc) (souveranist) (EFA member), Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood (independentist, includes the Galician Popular Front), Compromiso por Galicia (centrist federalist), Terra Galega (Centrist autonomist), Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party), Abrente–Galician Democratic Left, Acción Galega, Renewal–Nationalist Brotherhood, Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista
- Unions: Confederación Intersindical Galega (CIG) and Central Unitaria de Traballadores (CUT)
- Youth advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, Xeira, BRIGA and Erguer-Estudantes da Galiza (students)
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- People: Valencians – Catalanics (those with Catalan ancestry)
- Proposed state:
Valencian Country or unification with Catalan Countries
- Political parties: Valencian Nationalist Bloc, Initiative of the Valencian People, Popular Unity Candidates, Republican Left of the Valencian Country, Valencian State, Valencian Nationalist Left, Valencian Left
- political party (Pro Catalan):Popular Unity Candidacy
- Advocacy groups: Pro-Catalan Valencianists (who defend Pan-Catalanism and Fuster's theories) propose the creation of a Valencian State and some type of reconnection with the rest of Catalan-speaking areas. Only a minor tendency within anti-Catalan Valencianism (Blaverism) proposed independence of the Kingdom of Valencia from both Catalonia and Spain.[224][225]
- Youth advocacy groups: Arran
- Student movement: AGIR
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Aragonese people
- Proposed state:
Aragon
- political parties (regionalist and Nationalist): Chunta Aragonesista, Puyalón de Cuchas, Aragonese Party, Estado Aragonés
- political parties (separatist): Puyalón de Cuchas, A Enrestida, Aragonese Workers' Union
- coalition: Bloque Independentista de Cuchas
- movement: Independentismo aragonés
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Catalan people
- proposed: Independence for the
Balearic Islands or unification with the other Catalan countries
- political parties: Balearic Anticolonialist Group, Esquerra Republicana de les Illes Balears
- political party (pro catalan):Popular Unity Candidacy
- political parties (regionalist): People's Party of the Balearic Islands
- proposed: Independence for the
- ethnic group: Andalusian people
- proposed state:
Andalusia
- political parties (regionalist): Adelante Andalucía (2021)
- political party (separatist): Andalusian Nation
- political party (self governing): Unitarian Candidacy of Workers
- proposed state:
- ethnic group: Asturians
- proposed state:
Asturias
- political party (autonomist): Asturias Forum
- political party (nationalist): Andecha Astur, Asturian Left, Compromisu por Asturies, Conceyu Abiertu, Partíu Asturianista, Unidá, Bloc for Asturias, Conceyu Abiertu
- political party (regionalis):Asturian Renewal Union
- proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- Proposed: extended autonomy for
Cartagena within Murcia
- Political party: Movimiento Ciudadano de Cartagena
- People: Leonese
- Proposed autonomous area:
Leonese region
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés UPL
- Youth movements: RUCHAR Mocedá Llionesa[230]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- proposed: Breaking the Province of Granada from Andalusia as a separate autonomous community
- political party: Juntos por Granada[232]
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Switzerland
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
- Autonomist movements
Jura region
- People: Jurassien (French-speaking)
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the Canton of Jura
- Militant organisations: Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien (Jurassian Autonomist Movement),[233] Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)[234]
- Proposed autonomous area: unification of the three districts of Bernese Jura and the Laufen District with the
- People: Swiss German
- Proposed autonomous area:
Canton of Obwalden
- Political Parties: Christian Social Party of Obwalden
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Swiss Italian
- Proposed autonomous area:
Canton of Ticino
- Political Parties: Ticino League, Communist Party (Switzerland)
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Swiss French
- Proposed autonomous area:
Canton of Geneva
- Political Parties: Geneva Citizens' Movement
- Proposed autonomous area:
Ukraine
Autonomous Republic of Crimea and 
Sevastopol
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity: Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol within the Russian Federation[235]
- Political organisation: State Council of Crimea, Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol
- De facto entity:
- People: Crimean Tatars
- Proposed: Crimean Tatar autonomy or independence[236] within unitary Ukraine[197]
- Political organisations: Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, Qurultay of the Crimean Tatar People
- Proposed:
Donetsk Oblast, 
Luhansk Oblast
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Donetsk People's Republic, 
Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)
- Political organisations: People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic, People's Council of the Luhansk People's Republic
- paramilitary organisation: Russian people's militias in Ukraine
- De facto entity:
Odesa People's Republic[237][238][239]
- Proposed: unification with Russia/
Novorossiya - Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, .svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, 
Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[240]
- People: Russians in Ukraine
- De facto states: Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast
- Proposed: unification with Russia[241]
- Political organisations: Volodymyr Saldo Bloc, Derzhava, Opposition Bloc
- Military organisation: Russian Ground Forces
- Proposed: unification with
- De facto states:
Carpathian Ruthenia[242][243][244][245]
- People: Russians in Ukraine, Hungarians in Ukraine,
Rusyns[246]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary Ukraine or unification with Hungary[247][248]
- Political organisations: "Subcarpathian republican party", "Volodymyr Saldo Bloc", "Derzhava", "World Congress of Rusyns[249]", "Opposition Bloc", "Russkiy dom", "Subcarpathian Ruthenia movement" "Russkiy Mir Foundation", "Association of Zakarpattia democrats", and other pro-Russian organizations.[250][251][252][253][254][255] "Rusyn separatist movement" led by the Orthodox priest Dimitry Sydor (now Archbishop of Uzhorod, in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) [256][257][258][259]
- Proposed: autonomy or independence within unitary
United Kingdom
Countries of the United Kingdom
Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
- Major movements
- People: English
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[260] English Constitution Party[261][262]
- Proposed state:
- People: Irish, Northern Irish (Nationalists)
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
Ireland or independence[263][264]
- Political parties: Sinn Féin,[265] Fianna Fáil, Éirígí, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Aontú,[266][267] People Before Profit, Communist Party of Ireland, Irish Republican Socialist Party, Republican Network for Unity, Socialist Workers Network, Workers' Party of Ireland
- Militant organisations: RIRA, CIRA[268]
- Proposed state: Re-unification with
- People: Scots
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, Alba, Red Party of Scotland,[269] Scotland's Independence Referendum Party,[270] Independence for Scotland Party, Scottish Libertarian Party
- Advocacy groups: Yes Scotland (defunct), Scottish Independence Convention (Common Weal, People's Voice, Scottish CND, Voice for Scotland, Women for Independence), Labour for Independence, Siol nan Gaidheal
- Proposed state:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Gwlad, Plaid Cymru, Propel, Plaid Glyndŵr, Wales Green Party
- Advocacy groups: YesCymru
- Proposed state:
- Minor movements
- People: Cornish
- Proposed state:
Cornwall
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow, Cornish Nationalist Party
- Proposed state:
- People: Northerners
- Proposed state:
Northumbria or greater autonomy within the UK.
- Advocacy group: Campaign for the North (Devo-Max)[272][273]
- Political parties: Northern Independence Party[274][275][276]
- Proposed state:
- People: Midlanders
- Proposed state:
.svg.png.webp)
Mercia
- Advocacy groups: Acting Witan of Mercia, Sovereign Mercia
- Proposed state:
- Autonomist movements
- People: Canvey Islanders
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- Political Parties: Canvey Island Independent Party[281][282][283]
- Proposed autonomous area: Canvey Island
- People: English
- Proposed autonomous area: England
- Political parties: English Democrats,[284] UKIP[285]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Scots
- Proposed autonomous area: Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member)[286]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru, Independent Alliance for Reform
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- Political parties: The Cynon Valley Party
- Proposed autonomous area: Cynon Valley
- People: Welsh
- Proposed autonomous area:
Gwynedd
- Political parties: Llais Gwynedd
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall (possibly including the Isles of Scilly)
- People: Cornish
- Proposed autonomous area: Cornwall
- Political parties: Green Party of England and Wales,[287] Mebyon Kernow (EFA member), Cornish Nationalist Party, Liberal Democrats[288][289]
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Wessex Constitutional Convention[290]
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People from the Isle of Wight (Vectians)
- Proposed autonomous area:
Isle of Wight
- Political parties: Vectis National Party
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Shetland
- Proposed autonomous area:
Shetland
- Advocacy group: Wir Shetland
- Political Parties: Shetland Movement, Orkney and Shetland Movement
- Proposed autonomous area:
- People: People of Yorkshire
- People: People of North East England
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- Political parties: North East Party[297]
- Proposed autonomous area: North East England
- People: People of Wessex
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- Political party: Wessex Regionalists
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention[298][299][300][301]
- Proposed: autonomy for Wessex
- People: Orkney islanders
- Proposed: Change of status within the UK or self governance under Norway[302][303]
- Advocacy group: Orkney Council
- Political Parties: Orkney and Shetland Movement
- Proposed: Change of status within the UK or self governance under Norway[302][303]
- Separatist movements of dependent territories
- Ethnic group: Manx people
- Proposed state:
Isle of Man
- Political party: Mec Vannin
- Proposed state:
See also
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External links
- "Manifest" (PDF), Politiskaprogram [Political program], AX: Ålands framtid, 2011.
- From Spain to Iraq, states have to see that suppressing secession won't work
- Disintegration of Britain and Spain both possible
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