Timeline of nuclear weapons development

This timeline of nuclear weapons development is a chronological catalog of the evolution of nuclear weapons rooting from the development of the science surrounding nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. In addition to the scientific advancements, this timeline also includes several political events relating to the development of nuclear weapons. The availability of intelligence on recent advancements in nuclear weapons of several major countries (such as United States and the Soviet Union) is limited because of the classification of technical knowledge of nuclear weapons development.

Before 1930

1895 – Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen discovers X-rays at the University of Würzburg.
1896 – Henri Becquerel discovers that uranium emits radiation at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris.
1898 – J.J. Thomson observes the photoelectric effect.
1900 – Max Planck theorizes that matter can only absorb energy in fixed quanta.
1904 – Frederick Soddy first proposes a bomb powered by nuclear fission to the Royal Engineers.[1]
1905 – Albert Einstein develops the theory of relativity equating energy and matter.
1911 – Ernest Rutherford discovers that the majority of the energy in an atom is contained in the nucleus through experiments at the University of Manchester.[2]
1912 – J.J. Thomson discovers isotopes through experiments with neon.[2]
1914 – H.G. Wells writes The World Set Free, a science fiction novel postulating a world war in 1956 pitting the United Kingdom and France against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Inspired by the research of Rutherford, Sir William Ramsay, and Frederick Soddy, the novel predicts the development of atomic weapons, and features a "carolinum"-based hand grenade that does not extinguish once detonated.[3]
1920 – Rutherford postulates the existence of a neutral particle in the atomic nucleus at a Bakerian Lecture in London.[2]
1924 – Writing for The Pall Mall Gazette, Winston Churchill speculates "Might a bomb no bigger than an orange be found to possess a secret power to destroy a whole block of buildings – nay to concentrate the force of a thousand tons of cordite and blast a township at a stroke?"[3]

1930–1940

1932 – James Chadwick discovers the neutron, leading to experiments in which elements are bombarded with the new particle.[4][5]
1933 – Leó Szilárd realizes the concept of the nuclear chain reaction, although no such reaction was known at the time. He invented the idea of an atomic bomb in 1933 while crossing a London street in Russell Square. He patented it in 1934. (British patent 630,726)
1934 – Enrico Fermi conducts experiments in which he exposes uranium and thorium to neutrons to create distinct new substances. Although he is unaware at the time, he creates the first synthetic elements, the transuranium elements.[5]
1938 – Fermi is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his achievements, and flees from Fascist Italy to the United States due to the racial laws ratified under pressure from Nazi Germany.[5]
1938 – December – The German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman detect barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons. This is correctly interpreted by Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch as nuclear fission.
1939 – January – Otto Robert Frisch experimentally confirms Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman's discovery of nuclear fission. Frisch goes to Copenhagen to share the discovery with Niels Bohr, who in turn reports the discovery to his American colleagues. Bohr and John Archibald Wheeler determine later that year through chain-reaction experiments at Princeton University that uranium-235 could produce a nuclear explosion.[5]
1939 – April – Nazi Germany begins the German nuclear energy project.
1939 – September 1 – World War II begins after the invasion and subsequent partition of Poland between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
1939 – October – U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt receives the Einstein–Szilárd letter and authorizes the creation of the Advisory Committee on Uranium. The Uranium Committee has its first meeting on October 21, and $6,000 was budgeted for conducting neutron experiments.

1940–1950

1940 – April – The MAUD Committee (Military Application of Uranium Detonation) is established by Henry Tizard and the British Ministry of Aircraft Production to investigate feasibility of an atomic bomb.
1940 – May – The paper which Dr. Yoshio Nishina of Nuclear Research Laboratory of Riken and Professor of Chemical Institute, Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, Kenjiro Kimura presented to Physical Review,showed that they had produced neptunium-237 by exposing triuranium octoxide to fast neutrons for more than 50 hours.[6][7]
1940 – May - After the defeat of Belgium in only 18 days, the Nazis took possession of a significant amount of high quality uranium ore from the Belgian Congo, some still "on the docks".[8] In 1939 both Britain and France had expressed interest in securing Belgium's uranium inventory but no action was taken.[9]
1940 - June - The French Third Republic collapses during the Battle of France. The rapid military collapse would contribute to nearly universal French public support for a nuclear deterrent in later years.[10]
1940 – July – The paper explaining that Dr. Yoshio Nishina and Kenjiro Kimura discovered symmetric fission on the previously described test appeared in Nature.[11][7][12] The LibreTexts libraries based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation says, "Multiple combinations of symmetric fission products are possible for fission chain reactions."[13] And, again, it as fission product yield, is known that the higher the energy of the state that undergoes nuclear fission is more likely a symmetric fission.
1940 – July – The Soviet Academy of Sciences starts a committee to investigate the development of a nuclear bomb.
1940 – September – Belgian mining engineer Edgar Sengier orders that half of the uranium stock available from the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo—about 1,050 tons—be secretly dispatched to New York by African Metals Corp., a commercial division of Union Minière.[9]^{: 186–187}
1941 – February – Plutonium discovered by Glenn Seaborg and Arthur Wahl at the University of California, Berkeley.
1941 – May – A review committee postulates that the United States will not isolate enough uranium-235 to build an atomic bomb until 1945.[5]
1941 – June – President Roosevelt forms the Office of Scientific Research and Development under Vannevar Bush.
1941 – June 15 – The MAUD Committee approves a report that a uranium bomb could be built.
1941 – June 22 – Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, begins. Soviet nuclear research is subsequently delayed.
1941 – October – President Roosevelt receives MAUD report on the design and costs to develop a nuclear weapon. Roosevelt approves project to confirm MAUD's finding.
1941 – December – The United States enters World War II after the Pearl Harbor attack and the German declaration of war against the United States, leading to an influx in funding and research for atomic weapons.[5]
1942 – The United Kingdom opts to support the United States' efforts to build a bomb rather than to pursue its own nuclear weapons program due to wartime economic damage, and allows the Tube Alloys programme to be subsumed into the American project.[5]
1942 – April – Joseph Stalin was first informed of the efforts to develop nuclear weapons based on a letter sent to him by Georgii Flerov pointing out that there was nothing being published on nuclear fission since its discovery, and the prominent physicists likely involved had not been publishing at all. This urged the Soviet Union to start a nuclear weapons program.
1942 – July – The Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) relinquishes control of the German nuclear energy project to the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council), essentially making it only a research project with objectives far short of making a weapon.
1942 – July through September – A summer conference at University of California, Berkeley is convened by physicist Robert Oppenheimer and discusses the design of a fission bomb. Edward Teller introduces the "Super" hydrogen bomb as a major discussion point.
1942 – August through November – The Manhattan Project is established by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under command of General Leslie Groves. "Site X" is chosen in Tennessee, for isotopic separation of uranium-235 from natural uranium, and will later become Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Hanford Site is chosen in Washington, for making plutonium in nuclear reactors. "Site Y" is chosen by Groves and Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer near Albuquerque, New Mexico, for bomb design and manufacture, and will later become Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1942 – September - Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols meets Edgar Sengier in the New York offices of Union Minière. Nichols has been ordered by General Groves to find uranium. Sengier's answer has become history: "You can have the ore now. It is in New York, a thousand tons of it. I was waiting for your visit." Nichols reaches an agreement with Sengier that an average of 400 tons of uranium oxide will begin shipping to the US from Shinkolobwe each month.[14]
1942 – October - 100 tons of Sengier's uranium ore is sent to Canada for refining by Eldorado Mining and Refining in Port Hope, Ontario.[14]
1942 – October - A special detachment from United States Army Corps of Engineers arrives in the Belgian Congo to reopen the Shinkolobwe mine. Work involves draining water from flooded workings, upgrading the plant machinery and constructing transportation facilities.[9]^{: 3, 6–7, 11}
1942 – November - The first uranium oxide shipment leaves the Congolese port of Lobito (it will later change to Matadi because of better security). Only two shipments will ever be lost at sea. Aerodromes at Elizabethville and Leopoldville are expanded with US assistance. The OSS is employed to prevent ore smuggling to Nazi Germany.[9]^{: 3, 6–7, 11}[8]^: 45–49
1942 – December 2 – Enrico Fermi and his team achieve the first controlled nuclear reaction at Chicago Pile-1 constructed at the University of Chicago in a squash court underneath Stagg Field.
1943 – Laboratory No. 2 is established to pursue nuclear weapons research under Igor Kurchatov.[5]
1943 – March – The Japanese Committee on Research in the Application of Nuclear Physics, chaired by Yoshio Nishina concludes in a report that while an atomic bomb was feasible, it would be unlikely to produce one during the war. Japan then concentrated on research into radar.
1943 – April – Introductory lectures begin at Los Alamos, which later are compiled into The Los Alamos Primer.
1943 – August – The Quebec Agreement is signed by President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. James Chadwick, as head of the British Mission to the Los Alamos Laboratory, led a multinational team of distinguished scientists that included Sir Geoffrey Taylor, James Tuck, Niels Bohr, Rudolf Peierls, Otto Frisch, Klaus Fuchs and Ernest Titterton.
1944 – April – Emilio Segrè discovers that the spontaneous fission rate of plutonium is too high to be used in a gun-type fission weapon. Leads to change in priority to the design of an implosion-type nuclear weapon. The calutrons at the Y-12 uranium enrichment plant are activated.[5]
1944 – July – Sergei Korolev is released from a Gulag and assigned for rocket development.[15]
1944 – September – The first plutonium reactor is activated in Hanford, but shuts itself off immediately.[5]
1944 – September 8 – The Wehrmacht launches the V-2 rocket, the first ballistic missile and the template for later American and Soviet nuclear missile designs. It is based on the designs of Wernher von Braun.
1945 – March 10 – A Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb nearly knocks out electrical power to the Hanford plant.
1945 – April 12 – U.S. Vice President Harry S. Truman is inaugurated President after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and is informed about the Manhattan Project by War Secretary Henry L. Stimson.
1945 – May – The United States captures a number of important German rocket scientists, including Wernher von Braun, for work on American missile programs through Operation Paperclip. Von Braun is eventually assigned to the Army Ballistic Missile Agency at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.[16]
1945 – June – The Office of Military Government, United States hands over Nordhausen, including the Mittelwerk factory where the V-2 rocket was constructed, to the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany. Soviet forces find documents and equipment from the factory and recruit Helmut Gröttrup.[15]
1945 – July 16 – The first nuclear explosion, the Trinity test of an implosion-type plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
1945 – July 22 – Truman alludes to Stalin about having successfully detonated an atomic bomb at the Potsdam Conference.[17][5]
1945 – August 6 – "Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is dropped on Hiroshima, Japan.
1945 – August 9 – "Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
1945 – August – The Smyth Report is published detailing the efforts of the Manhattan Project.
1945 – August – Japan surrenders to the Allied Powers.
1945 – August – The Soviet atomic bomb project is accelerated under a Special Commission chaired by Lavrentiy Beria. The program would be heavily reliant on espionage on the Manhattan Project, especially by Fuchs and Theodore A. Hall.[5]
1945 – October 18 – The Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) is established in France by French President Charles de Gaulle to investigate military uses of atomic energy.[5]
1946 – January – The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 takes effect, officially turning over the Manhattan Project to the United States Atomic Energy Commission.
1946 – March 26 – The Strategic Air Command is established in the U.S. Army Air Forces for command and control of nuclear weapons.
1946 – April – Conference is held at Los Alamos that concludes that a "Super" (hydrogen) bomb can likely be built.[18]
1946 – June – First meeting of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, which was established by the first resolution of the U.N. General Assembly, is held.[19]
1946 – June – The Soviet Union rejects the Baruch Plan.
1946 – August – The Convair B-36 Peacemaker is introduced as the first purpose-built nuclear bomber.
1946 – December 25 – The Soviet Union activates the F-1 pile in Moscow, producing the first controlled nuclear reaction in Europe.
1947 – The RTV-A-2 Hiroc, the first design of an intercontinental ballistic missile, is cancelled by the United States.
1947 – A steppe near Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR is selected by Beria as the Soviet Union's nuclear test site.
1947 – January – British Prime Minister Clement Attlee approves the development of an atomic bomb through the High Explosive Research programme led by William Penney, Baron Penney.[5]
1948 – June 19 – The Soviet Union's first plutonium production reactor is activated at Chelyabinsk-40.[5]
1948 – Andrei Sakharov proposes the first design for a Soviet hydrogen bomb.[5]
1948 – Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ratifies an act establishing the Atomic Energy Commission of India chaired by Homi J. Bhabha.[5]
1948 – September – The Soviet Union launches its first ballistic missile, a reverse-engineered version of the V-2 rocket later renamed the R-1 rocket.[15]
1948 – The United States transfers nuclear-capable B-29 bombers to Europe during the Berlin Blockade.[20]
1949 – August 29 – The Soviet Union conducts its first atomic test, RDS-1 (nicknamed Joe 1 by the Americans).[18]
1949 – September 3 – U.S. atmospheric monitoring flights begin detecting effects of the Soviet test.[18]
1949 – September 23 – President Truman announces that the Soviets have conducted an atomic test.[18]
1949 – September through December – Debate occurs within the Truman administration over whether to authorize the development of a hydrogen bomb. Although the AEC General Advisory Committee chaired by Oppenheimer condemns the idea, the bomb is encouraged by the Department of State, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, and the National Security Council.[5]
1949 – The U.S. Department of Defense prepares Operation Dropshot, a contingency plan for a nuclear and conventional war against the Soviet Union.
1949 – Following the Berlin Blockade and the articulation of the Truman Doctrine, the North Atlantic Treaty is ratified by 22 signatories in Western Europe and North America, including the United States, creating the collective security alliance NATO. The Treaty places its members under an American "nuclear umbrella" against a Soviet attack and provides the basis for nuclear weapons sharing agreements with Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium.[21]

1950–1960

1950 - The US Air Force Strategic Air Command (SAC) stations 11 model 1561 Fat Man atomic bombs at RCAF Station Goose Bay in Labrador.
1950 – January 31 – President Harry S. Truman authorizes the development of the hydrogen bomb.[5]
1950 – March 10 – President Truman instructs AEC to prepare for hydrogen bomb production.[18]
1950 – April 7 – The National Security Council issues its classified NSC 68 policy paper advocating for the United States to expand its conventional and nuclear arms in response to the Cold War and the decline of former great powers such as the United Kingdom, France, and Japan. President Truman takes the paper's advice and triples U.S. military expenditures over the course of three years.[22]
1950 – Klaus Fuchs and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are arrested in the United States for leaking atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.[5]
1950 – December – General Douglas MacArthur of the UN Command requests 34 nuclear bombs after China intervenes in the Korean War.[23][24]
1951 – January 12 – In response to the threat of a Soviet nuclear attack, President Truman creates the Federal Civil Defense Administration. The FCDA is succeeded by the Federal Civil Defense Authority in 1972, which is in turn succeeded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in 1979.
1951 – President Truman establishes the CONELRAD emergency broadcasting system to alert the United States to an enemy attack. The system is later succeeded by the Emergency Broadcast System in 1963 and the Emergency Alert System in 1997.
1951 – The United States opens the Nevada Test Site for nuclear weapons tests.
1951 – MacArthur, with the approval of the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Air Command Curtis LeMay and South Korean President Syngman Rhee, pressures the government for the use of nuclear weapons against China. He is overruled and it becomes a factor in President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur.[23][24]
1951 – China and the Soviet Union sign an agreement whereby China would supply uranium ore in exchange for technical assistance in producing nuclear weapons.
1952 – September – President Truman declines proposal by the State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament that the first test of a hydrogen bomb be delayed.[18]
1952 – October – The United Kingdom conducts Operation Hurricane, the first test of a British nuclear weapon. The plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon was detonated in a lagoon between the Montebello Islands, Western Australia.
1952 – Greece and Turkey join NATO, allowing them to participate in nuclear sharing programs.[21]
1952 – October 31 – The United States test the first fusion bomb, Ivy Mike.[18]
1953 – The first nuclear-tipped rockets are deployed by the United States. The MGR-1 Honest John is such as example.
1953 – February – President Eisenhower considers using nuclear weapons when negotiations on the Korean Armistice Agreement stalled.[20]
1953 – August 12 – The Soviet Union conducts its first test of a hydrogen bomb, nicknamed Joe 4 by the Americans. Unlike the American hydrogen bomb, the Soviet RDS-4 design is deliverable.[5]
1953 – August 20 – The United States test-fires the PGM-11 Redstone rocket, its first ballistic missile.
1953 – October 30 – The United States formalizes its New Look foreign policy through NSC 162/2, emphasizing the United States's superiority in nuclear and conventional forces.
1953 – December 8 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces the Atoms for Peace program at the U.N. General Assembly.
1954 – British English Electric Canberra bombers of the Royal Air Force are outfitted with atomic bombs.[5]
1954 – The Lockheed EC-121 Warning Star is introduced as the United States' primary airborne early warning and control aircraft.
1954 – January 12 – U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles articulates a policy of "massive retaliation."
1954 – March 1 – The United States detonates its first deliverable thermonuclear weapons at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands. One device had a yield almost three times as large as expected, leading to the worst radiological disaster in US history.
1954 – June 17 – Prime Minister Churchill decides to begin the British hydrogen bomb programme, and Minister of Defense Harold Macmillan publicly announces it in the next year on February 17.
1954 – September – The First Taiwan Strait Crisis begins when Communist China begins an artillery bombardment of the Kuomintang-held islands of Kinmen and the Matsu Islands, resulting in the United States concluding a Mutual Defense Treaty with Taiwan and contemplating a nuclear attack against the Mainland. Although the crisis ends after China's participation in the Bandung Conference, the Soviet Union agrees to assist China with nuclear weapons development as a result.[25]
1954 – December 26 – The French nuclear weapons program is secretly established by Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France.
1955 – January 15 – China begins Project-596 under Marshal Nie Rongzheng with the approval of Mao Zedong. The Third Ministry of Machine Building, a predecessor of the China National Nuclear Corporation, is created to oversee the project.[26]
1955 – February – The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress replaces the B-36 as the U.S. Air Force's primary strategic nuclear bomber.
1955 – India purchases a PUREX reactor from Canada and the United States, and constructs the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre at Trombay.
1955 – West Germany joins NATO, allowing it to participate in nuclear sharing.[21]
1955 – The Soviet Union introduces a modified version of the Myasishchev M-4 bomber capable of striking targets in continental North America.[27]
1955 – February – The President's Science Advisory Committee recommends that the United States make missile production a national priority.[16]
1956 – The Tupolev Tu-95, the primary intercontinental strategic bomber of the Soviet Air Forces, enters service.
1956 – Development on the Avro Blue Steel air-to-surface missile for the British "V-bomber" fleet begins.[28]
1956 – The nuclear-capable PGM-19 Jupiter medium-range ballistic missile is created from the Redstone rocket.
1956 – October–November – The Soviet Union threatens nuclear strikes against the United Kingdom and France during the Suez Crisis.[29]
1956 – November 30 – France establishes a secret committee for the Military Applications of Atomic Energy under Pierre Guillaumat and Yves Rocard. It establishes a secret protocol between the CEA and the Ministry of Defence for procuring weapons material.[5]
1956 – The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission is established. This commission is responsible for the development of both the nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons of Pakistan.
1957 – Israel purchases a nuclear reactor from France, which is built at Dimona in the Negev. By this time it has already started a weapons program under Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion, Defense Minister Shimon Peres, and Ernst David Bergmann.[5]
1957 – July – The International Atomic Energy Agency is founded.
1957 – August 26 – The Soviet Union announces the successful test of an intercontinental ballistic missile, the R-7 Semyorka, capable of flying "into any part of the world."[30]
1957 – October 4 – The Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, is launched using a modified version of the Soviet Union's ICBM, beginning the Space Race.
1957 – In response to the new threat of Soviet ICBMs, the U.S. Army accelerates production on the Nike Zeus missile, an anti-ballistic missile designed to intercept ICBMs in mid-air.
1957 – Operation Antler, the final British nuclear test in Australia, occurs in Maralinga, South Australia.
1957 – October 10 – The Windscale fire occurs in Seascale, Cumbria after a graphite-moderated reactor built for the British hydrogen bomb project catches fire, resulting in the release of radioactive contamination across the United Kingdom and Europe. An inquiry determines that the accident was avoidable and that the British Army ignored warnings by scientists, but is suppressed by the government to prevent damaging the Special Relationship.[31][32]
1957 – October 15 – The Soviet Union agrees to provide a "sample bomb" and extensive technical assistance to the Chinese nuclear program.[26]
1957 – December 12 – The SM-65 Atlas, the first U.S. ICBM, is launched.[33]
1957 – December 17 – The Strategic Rocket Forces is established to maintain the Soviet nuclear arsenal.[15]
1957 - Iran commences its nuclear program under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[34]
1958 – The United States and the United Kingdom sign the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement. This is a bilateral treaty on nuclear weapons cooperation signed after the United Kingdom successfully tested a hydrogen bomb during Operation Grapple. Under the agreement the United States supplies the United Kingdom with nuclear weapons through Project E.
1958 – The U.S. Air Force drafts Project A119, a classified plan to detonate a nuclear bomb on the Moon. The plan is quickly cancelled in favor of a Moon landing.
1958 – RAFAEL is formed by the Israeli Ministry of Defense to coordinate its nuclear program.[5]
1958 – The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament is formed in the United Kingdom.[35]
1958 – The Jiuquan Atomic Energy Complex is opened in China in the Gansu Province.[5][36]
1958 – The United States considers a nuclear strike on China during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, in which China resumed its bombardment of Kinmen and the Matsu Islands.[37]
1958 – January – The United States deploys nuclear weapons to South Korea.[38]
1958 – August – The PGM-17 Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile, the U.S. Air Force's first ballistic missile, is declared operational and begins deployment in the United Kingdom through Project Emily.[16]
1958 – November – The United States and the Soviet Union observe a nuclear-testing moratorium.[39]
1958 – November 4 – The Democratic Party wins the 1958 United States elections in part due to public perception of a "missile gap" against the Soviet Union following the release of the Gaither Report. Although later proven to be an overestimate, the concept later helps John F. Kennedy to win the 1960 presidential election.[40]
1958 – November 10 – Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev makes a speech demanding the withdrawal of American, British, and French forces from West Berlin, beginning a series of political crises.[41][42]
1959 – Nuclear tests in Antarctica are banned under the Antarctic Treaty.[35]
1959 – Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba and creates a Marxism–Leninist government aligned with the Soviet Union.
1959 – The Soviet Union scales back nuclear assistance to China as a result of the emerging Sino-Soviet split.[26]

1960–1970

1960 – The United Kingdom cancels the De Havilland Blue Streak medium-range ballistic missile in favor of the American-produced Douglas GAM-87 Skybolt air-launched ballistic missile, ending its attempts to produce an independent delivery system.
1960 – RAND Corporation analyst Herman Kahn releases On Thermonuclear War, which argues that the destructiveness of nuclear war can be limited through anti-aircraft defenses, civil defense preparations, and a doctrine targeting counterforces. The book becomes influential in U.S. nuclear strategy and helps formulate the Kennedy administration's policy of flexible response.[43][44]
1960 – Operation Chrome Dome, in which nuclear-armed B-52 bombers are continually flown by the U.S. Air Force close to the Soviet Union on continuous alert, begins.
1960 – February 13 – France successfully tests a nuclear weapon, called Gerboise Bleue, in the Sahara near Reggane, French Algeria.
1960 – 1 May – An American Lockheed U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers is shot down over Soviet territory, deteriorating Soviet Union–United States relations, sabotaging the Four-Power summit in Paris, and hindering General Secretary Khrushchev's policy of peaceful coexistence.[45]
1960 – December – The China Institute of Atomic Energy begins research on thermonuclear weapons.
1961 – The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion informed the Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker that a pilot plutonium-separation plant would be built at the Dimona reactor. Intelligence would indicate from this and other information that Israel intended to produce nuclear weapons.
1961 – Australia considers purchasing nuclear weapons from the United Kingdom, but the idea is rejected by the Cabinet of Prime Minister Robert Menzies.[46][47]
1961 - President Kennedy announces that the federal government will begin the construction of fallout shelters.[48]
1961 – October 27 – The Berlin crisis occurring after the construction of the Berlin Wall by East German authorities culminates when the United States deploys tanks to Checkpoint Charlie, a move reciprocated by the Soviet Union. President Kennedy and General Secretary Khrushchev ultimately negotiate the removal of the tanks through diplomatic backchannels and prevent a war.[42][41]
1961 – October 30 – The Soviet Union detonates Tsar Bomba, the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated.
1962 – The term "mutually-assured destruction" is coined.
1962 – The Lockheed UGM-27 Polaris, the U.S. Navy's first submarine-launched ballistic missile, is introduced.
1962 – The Boeing LGM-30 Minuteman-I, the first American ICBM using liquid-propellant rocket to be able to have an immediate launch, is introduced.
1962 – July 9 – The Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test over Johnston Island creates an electromagnetic pulse that causes electrical damage in parts of Hawaii, disrupts telecommunications in the Pacific Ocean, and disables satellites in low Earth orbit.[16]
1962 – October 17 through October 28 – The Soviet Union attempts to deploy R-12 Dvina medium-range ballistic missiles and R-14 Chusovaya intermediate-range ballistic missiles to Cuba within 90 miles of the contiguous United States, and is discovered by an American U-2 plane. The subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis nearly leads to a world war, and is only averted by an agreement between Soviet General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy to withdraw the missiles from Cuba in exchange for a public promise not to invade Cuba and a secret withdrawal of American missiles from Turkey.[49]
1962 – December 21 – President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister Harold Wilson ratify the Nassau Agreement agreeing for the United States to supply the United Kingdom with Polaris submarine-launched missiles. The Polaris Sales Agreement is signed on 6 April 1963 by Secretary of State Dean Rusk and British Ambassador to the United States David Ormsby-Gore.
1963 – August – The Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water opens for signatures. The treaty limited nuclear weapons tests to underground detonations.
1963 – August – President Kennedy considers using conventional and nuclear air strikes against China's nuclear facilities to prevent it from developing an atomic bomb.
1963 – American nuclear weapons are deployed at Canadian Armed Forces bases in West Germany, through the NATO nuclear sharing program.[50] Additional American nuclear weapons systems are deployed in Canada under U.S. control through NORAD.
1964 – January 29 – The Stanley Kubrick film Dr. Strangelove or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb is released satirizing predominant nuclear strategy.
1964 – October 13 – Leonid Brezhnev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Union, and increases military expenditures.[15]
1964 – October 16 – China successfully tests an atomic bomb at Lop Nur.
1964 – India produces weapons-grade plutonium.[5]
1964 – The R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile enters service in the Soviet Union. The subsequent series of Scud missiles eventually becomes a major proliferation concern.[15]
1965 – January – The Soviet Union detonates Chagan as part of their Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy series to study the peaceful use of nuclear explosions.
1965 – Pakistan constructs a research reactor purchased from the United States.
1965 – The television docudrama The War Game is filmed in the United Kingdom as an episode of The Wednesday Play anthology series providing a realistic depiction of a nuclear war. Although the film's broadcast is blocked by the BBC and the British government for 20 years due to its disturbing content, it is released abroad to critical acclaim, and receives the 1966 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in the United States.
1965 – March 10 – Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol claims that Israel "will not be the first state to introduce nuclear weapons" into the Middle East.[5]
1965 – The Command Center for the Office of Emergency Planning mistakes the Northeast blackout for a nuclear attack.[51]
1966 – France withdraws from SHAPE and the NATO integrated command structure due to disputes over its nuclear weapons and does not rejoin until 2009.[52]
1966 – The United States' nuclear stockpile peaks at 31,149 warheads.[53]
1966 - China begins moving its nuclear facilities into the interior during its Third Five-Year Plan.[26]
1966 - October 27 - China tests a nuclear-armed Dongfeng-2 missile, which launches from Shuangchengzi Space and Missile Center and strikes Lop Nur. It is the only time a country has tested an armed nuclear missile over populated areas.[26]
1967 – January – President Johnson claims that the Soviet Union has constructed an anti-ballistic missile barrier around Moscow.[54]
1967 – January – The Outer Space Treaty prohibits nuclear tests in space.
1967 - February 27 – The Treaty of Tlatelolco is signed in Mexico City, creating a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Latin America.[35]
1967 – March 29 – The French Navy launches the Redoutable-class submarine.
1967 – June 10 – Israel wins the Six-Day War, hindering the nuclear program in Egypt started by Gamal Abdel Nasser.[55]
1967 – June 17 – China successfully tests a hydrogen bomb.
1967 – June 23–26 – President Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin express a willingness to conduct arms-control negotiations at the Glassboro Summit Conference.[54]
1967 – September – The United Kingdom assists France in thermonuclear weapons development in a failed attempt to lobby France to allow Britain to join the European Economic Community.[5]
1967 – December – Japan, under Prime Minister Eisaku Satō, adopts the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.
1967 - The United States provides Iran with a 5-megawatt research reactor at the University of Tehran and supplies of enriched uranium.[34]
1968 – January 28 – An aircraft accident occurs when an American B-52 bomber armed with a Mark 28 nuclear bomb bound for Thule Air Base, Greenland, has an in-flight fire and is forced to make a crash landing in North Star Bay, resulting in the detonation of the bomb's conventional explosives and the release of radioactive contamination over Greenland. The accident causes the cancellation of Operation Chrome Dome.
1968 – February 10 – During the Vietnam War, General William C. Westmoreland orders the movement of nuclear weapons to South Vietnam during the Battle of Khe Sanh, but is overruled by Walt W. Rostow and President Lyndon B. Johnson.[56]
1968 – July – The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signatures. This treaty is intended to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. To date, 189 countries have signed the treaty, including the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Only India, Israel, Pakistan, and North Korea have not signed the treaty (as sovereign states).
1968 – With its ratification of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, Sweden formally ends the nuclear weapons program it has run since 1945.[57][5]
1968 - During the 1968 United States presidential election Curtis LeMay becomes the running mate of the controversial American Independent Party candidate George Wallace, and advocates the use of nuclear weapons against North Vietnam. The ticket captures 13.5% of the popular vote and wins five states in the Electoral College.[58]
1969 – The United Kingdom transfers its strategic nuclear warheads to its Polaris submarines away from the aging V-bomber fleet.[5]
1969 – October – President Richard Nixon, as part of his "madman theory" postulating that the Soviet Union would avoid aggressive acts if they feared an unpredictable response from the United States, and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger approve Operation Giant Lance, an operation involving nuclear-armed B-52 bombers flying near the Soviet border to simulate an American nuclear attack.
1969 – November – The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks commence in Helsinki, Finland.

1970–1980

1970 – The LGM-30 Minuteman III, the United States's current intercontinental-ballistic missile, is introduced.
1970 – The Soviet Navy considers constructing a base for nuclear submarines in Cienfuegos, Cuba.[59]
1971 – March 31 – The United States deploys the UGM-73 Poseidon submarine-launched ballistic missile on James Madison-class submarines.[16]
1971 – December – India wins the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, resulting in the independence of Bangladesh.
1972 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto launched Pakistan's atomic program in response to the loss of the war by making Munir Ahmad Khan as the program head.
1972 – March 26 – The SALT I Agreement is ratified between the United States and the Soviet Union, leading to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
1972 – April 25 – President Nixon proposes using nuclear weapons to end the Vietnam War, but is quickly dissuaded by National Security Advisor Kissinger.[20][60]
1972 – May – Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan is employed at a Urenco Group nuclear laboratory in Amsterdam and makes repeated visits to an enrichment plant in Almelo.[5]
1973 – October – Israel considers using nuclear weapons during the Yom Kippur War, while the Soviet Union considers transporting nuclear weapons to Egypt and causes the United States to place its military on high alert.[61][62]
1974 – South Africa secretly decides to pursue a capability for nuclear bombs, ostensibly for peaceful nuclear explosions.[5]
1974 – The Iranian nuclear program is commenced by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who founds the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran.[63]
1974 – May – India tests its first nuclear device, "Smiling Buddha", at Pokhran using a core designed by Rajagopala Chidambaram.
1974 – May – Pakistan's Project-706 is established under command of General Zahid Ali Akbar.
1974 – November – A major breakthrough in the SALT II negotiations occurs at the Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control between General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Gerald Ford.
1975 – The number of American nuclear warheads deployed in the Atlantic Ocean peaks at 4,500.[64]
1975 - China deploys its first intercontinental ballistic missile, the Dong-Feng 4.
1975 - Brazil purchases a nuclear reactor from West Germany, a move criticized by the United States and Mexico due to concerns that it will use the reactor to produce nuclear weapons.[65]
1975 – December – Khan returns to Pakistan with photographs and blueprints from his job.[5]
1976 – Khan forms the Engineering Research Laboratories with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.[5]
1977 – The U.S. Department of Energy is formed to maintain American nuclear weapons. James R. Schlesinger is the first Secretary of Energy.
1977 – Walter Pincus reports in The Washington Post that the United States is developing a neutron bomb, a warhead that causes relatively little blast damage but high casualties due to radiation, for deployment in Western Europe. The report causes political controversy in the United States, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter cancels the program in the next year.[66][67]
1977 – March – The Boeing E-3 Sentry is introduced as NATO's primary AWACS aircraft.
1977 – July 13 – Somalia invades Ethiopia in the Ogaden War, and congressional support for SALT II in the United States weakens as a result of Soviet intervention in the war.[68]
1978 – France begins development of the Aérospatiale Air-Sol Moyenne Portée missile.[69]
1978 – South Africa develops highly enriched uranium at the Valindaba site near Pretoria.[5]
1978 – Pakistan produces enriched uranium.
1979 – The Warsaw Pact conducts its Seven Days to the River Rhine military simulation emulating a retaliatory nuclear strike against NATO.
1979 – The United States begins to deploy Trident I C-4 missiles, its first SLBMs with intercontinental range, aboard its Ohio-class submarines.[16]
1979 - Iran temporarily halts its nuclear program after the Islamic Revolution.[34]
1979 – June 18 – General Secretary Brezhnev and President Carter sign the SALT II Agreement in Vienna agreeing to limit strategic nuclear weapons.
1979 – September 22 – An American Vela Hotel satellite records a strange double-flash of light near the Prince Edward Islands in Antarctica known as the Vela incident. The flash is widely believed to have been caused by a nuclear test, possibly carried out by South Africa or Israel.
1979 – November 9 – A computer glitch at NORAD creates a false alarm for a Soviet missile launch, and U.S. nuclear forces prepare for a retaliatory strike.[70]
1979 – December 12 – NATO makes its Double-Track Decision responding to the Soviet Union's increased deployment of RSD-10 Pioneer intermediate-range ballistic missiles and Tupolev Tu-22M bombers by deploying increased numbers of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missiles, including Martin Marietta Pershing II missiles and GD BGM-109G Gryphon Ground Launched Cruise Missiles, in Western Europe while continuing to make the Warsaw Pact offers for negotiations. This results in increased east–west international tensions and domestic political controversy.[71]
1979 – December 25 – The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan begins, resulting in collapse of support for SALT II.[54]

1980–1990

1980 – January 3 – President Carter withdraws SALT II from the Senate for formal ratification.[54]
1981 – June 7 -The Israeli Air Force conducts an airstrike, Operation Opera, on Baathist Iraq's light-water nuclear reactor near Baghdad, hindering the country's uranium enrichment and nuclear weapons program. As a result, only a few grams of weapons-grade uranium is produced by the time the program is ended after the Gulf War.[5]
1981 – The United Kingdom's nuclear stockpile peaks at over 500 warheads.[53]
1981 – October – President Ronald Reagan announces an update of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, including increased numbers of bombers and missiles and development of new projects such as the Rockwell B-1 Lancer, the MX missile, and the MGM-134 Midgetman missile.[72]
1982 – June 12 – The largest anti-war demonstration in history occurs against nuclear weapons in Central Park in New York City during a UN disarmament conference.[35]
1982 – The BDS AGM-86 ALCM air-launched cruise missile is introduced in the United States.
1983 – The TTAPS study in Science first introduces the possibility of a nuclear winter, and a co-author Carl Sagan publishes an article on the subject in Parade magazine.[73]
1983 – March 20 – President Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative to defend against a Soviet nuclear attack.[74]
1983 – September 26 – A false alarm occurs in the Soviet Union when the Oko early-warning system malfunctions and erroneously reports an incoming American missile strike. The Soviet Air Defense Forces command officer at the Serpukhov-15 bunker, Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov, correctly deduces that the alarm was false and does not report it to his superiors, preventing a retaliatory strike.[75][76]
1983 – 2 November-11 November – The Soviet Union, which had been monitoring American nuclear forces through the KGB's Operation RYAN, mistakes NATO's Able Archer 83 command post exercise for genuine preparations for a preemptive nuclear strike, and places its forces in East Germany and Poland on high alert.[77]
1983 – November 20 – The television film The Day After premieres on ABC, significantly changing attitudes on nuclear war. A similar film, Threads, is released by the BBC and the Nine Network next year, while Testament is released by PBS and Paramount Pictures.
1983 – December 23 – The United States begins its deployment of Pershing II missiles to West Germany.[78]
1984 – Canada no longer allows nuclear weapons to be stored in Canada.[50]
1984 – China joins the IAEA, and under Premier Zhao Ziyang expresses a stronger commitment against nuclear proliferation.[26]
1984 - Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomenei revives Iran's nuclear program due to the stalemate in the Iran-Iraq War and Iran's chronic energy shortages.[34][79]
1985 – International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
1985 – South Africa decides to covertly build nuclear weapons.[5]
1985 – July 10 – The Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior is sunken by the DGSE at the Ports of Auckland in New Zealand while traveling to protest French nuclear tests in Moruroa. causing international political controversy.[35]
1985 – August 6 – The Treaty of Rarotonga establishes a nuclear-weapons-free zone in the South Pacific.[35]
1986 – The Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal peaks at 39,197 warheads.[53]
1986 – The Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center becomes operational near Pyongyang.[5]
1986 – New Zealand announces a nuclear-free zone in its territorial waters, resulting in the unofficial cessation of the ANZUS Treaty.
1986 – September – Mordechai Vanunu divulges secrets about the Israeli nuclear weapons program to The Sunday Times in London. Vanunu would be abducted by the Mossad in Rome and imprisoned.
1986 – October 11 – The Reykjavik Summit occurs between President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.
1987 – The Missile Technology Control Regime is formed by the Group of Seven to limit proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.[16]
1987 – Yugoslavia abandons its nuclear weapons program.[80]
1987 – Chang Hsien-yi, a colonel of the Republic of China Army and the deputy director of the INER, defects to the United States and provides the CIA with classified documents revealing a secret nuclear weapons program in Taiwan. The program is shut down by ROC President Chiang Ching-kuo under pressure from the IAEA and President Reagan.[81][82]
1987 – The United States ends production of nuclear material for weapons.[39]
1987 – December 8- The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed by Gorbachev and Reagan at the Washington Summit, and is later ratified by both countries.
1988 – Switzerland abandons its nuclear weapons program.[83][84]
1988 – Pakistan reportedly has the capacity to build a nuclear bomb.[5]
1989 – South Africa opts to dismantle the six nuclear weapons it has secretly built amid the negotiations to end apartheid.[5]
1989 – Communism collapses in the Eastern Bloc during the Revolutions of 1989. The Soviet Union and the United States subsequently hold the Malta Summit aboard the TS Maxim Gorkiy announcing the end of the Cold War.

1990–2000

1990 - July – NATO issues the London Declaration declaring its relations with the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union to be no longer adversarial and urging reductions in tactical nuclear forces in Europe.[85][86]
1990 – October 16 – The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act is ratified in the United States, providing monetary compensation to victims of radiation-related illnesses, including cancer, caused by contact with nuclear testing and uranium mining.
1991 – South Africa signs the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; they also announce that from 1979 to 1989, they had built and then dismantled a number of nuclear weapons. The IAEA confirms that the program has been fully dismantled.
1991 – France and China ratify the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[26]
1991 – June – The Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials is established to play an active role in verifying the pacific use of nuclear materials that could be used for the manufacture of nuclear weapons in Argentina and Brazil.
1991 – July 31 – The START I Treaty is ratified between the Soviet Union and the United States.
1991 – Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev signs a moratorium on nuclear weapons testing. The Soviet Union's 1990 nuclear test series became its last.
1991 – December – The United States withdraws its nuclear weapons from South Korea.[38]
1991 – December 25 – The Soviet Union, which possesses the largest nuclear arsenal in the world, collapses. Gorbachev hands over the nuclear briefcase, the Cheget, to the new Russian President Boris Yeltsin.
1991 – December 30 – The Commonwealth of Independent States ratifies a preliminary agreement to transfer nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union held in Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan to the new Russian Federation, but to allow their governments to veto their use.[87]
1992 – The U.S. Senate votes for a nuclear testing moratorium despite opposition from President George HW Bush and Defense Secretary Dick Cheney.[5][88] Operation Julin is the final American weapons test, and also ends British nuclear testing in the United States.
1992 – France's nuclear stockpile peaks at over 500 warheads.[53]
1993 – January 3 – The United States and Russia mutually agree to ban multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles through the START II Treaty.
1993 – Russia formulates a military doctrine de-emphasizing nuclear weapons except in the case of a large-scale global conflict, although President Yeltsin authorizes development of the RT-2PM2 Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile and the Borei-class submarine fleet.[15][29]
1993 – The United States agrees to purchase excess highly enriched uranium from dismantled Soviet nuclear warheads from Russia for conversion into lower-grade uranium for electricity production through the Megatons to Megawatts Program.[89]
1993 – North Korea rejects IAEA inspections and threatens to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[90]
1994 – January – The United States and Russia negotiate a detargeting agreement that they will no longer directly target each other with nuclear weapons.
1994 – After a meeting between Kim Il-Sung and Jimmy Carter and the ratification of the Agreed Framework, North Korea agrees to freeze its nuclear program in exchange for aid, easing of sanctions, and two civilian light-water reactors, which are built by the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Corporation.[90]
1994 – The Vanguard-class submarines are introduced by the Royal Navy as an upgrade of the British strategic nuclear force, and carry American-built UGM-133 Trident II missiles.[5]
1994 – December 10 – Ukraine agrees to the Budapest Memorandum transferring its strategic nuclear weapons to Russia and dismantling its nuclear infrastructure through the U.S.-sponsored Cooperative Threat Reduction Program in exchange for a guarantee of sovereignty from Russia.[87]
1995 – The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty is ratified by 168 states. India, Pakistan, and North Korea have not signed the Treaty while China, Iran, Israel, and the United States have signed but not ratified it.
1995 – Russia agrees to complete the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant in Iran that had been commenced by West Germany in the 1970s.[5]
1995 – January 27 – A false alarm occurs after a Norwegian Black Brant XII sounding rocket launched to study the aurora borealis from Andøya is mistaken for an American high-altitude nuclear attack by Russia's Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning, and President Yeltsin activates the Cheget before the error is rectified.[91]
1995 – April – Kazakhstan completes the transfer of its nuclear weapons to Russia.[92]
1996 – January – France performs its last nuclear tests to date on Moruroa atoll.
1996 – April 11 – The Treaty of Pelindaba is ratified, creating a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Africa.[35]
1996 – July 8 – The International Court of Justice rules in its Advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons that the use and threat of nuclear weapons is legal under international law.[93]
1996 – July 29 – China conducts its final nuclear test.[26]
1996 – Belarus and Ukraine complete the transfer of strategic nuclear weapons, ICBMs, and strategic bombers they had inherited after the dissolution of the Soviet Union to Russia through the U.S.-sponsored Cooperative Threat Reduction Program.[94][95]
1997 – France launches Operation Xouthos, its final nuclear test.
1997 – March 21 – France launches the first of its Triomphant-class submarines.
1997 – After the U.S. Senate ratifies the START II Agreement, President Clinton and President Yeltsin begin negotiations for START III. The talks collapse due to tensions over NATO intervention in the Kosovo War, the 1998 U.S. bombing of Iraq, and Operation Infinite Reach.[96][97]
1998 – The United Kingdom decommissions the WE.177 bomb, the final warhead used by the Royal Air Force and the final tactical nuclear weapon used by Britain.[5] The United Kingdom shifts towards exclusive reliance on its strategic SLBM programs for a nuclear deterrent in its Strategic Defence Review.
1998 – May – India tests five more nuclear weapons as part of Operation Shakti at the Pokhran test site. This was India's second round of nuclear weapons testing.
1998 – May – Pakistan detonates five high-enriched uranium nuclear weapons in the Chagai Hills. A sixth nuclear test, at Kharan, was a plutonium device.
1998 – The Iraqi disarmament crisis intensifies after Saddam Hussein forces the UN inspectors out, leading to Operation Desert Fox.
1999 – The U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency estimates that Israel possesses between 60 and 80 nuclear weapons.[5]

2000–2010

2000 – January – Russia publicly begins to reformulate its doctrine to include the possibility of a nuclear response to a large-scale conventional attack.[29]
2002 – U.S. President George W. Bush refuses to certify North Korea's compliance with the Agreed Framework and links it in an "Axis of Evil" with Iraq and Iran.[90]
2002 – The National Council of Resistance of Iran reports the existence of secret Iranian nuclear facilities at Natanz and Arak. The IAEA inspects them a year later.
2002 – The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty is signed by U.S. President Bush and Russian President Vladimir Putin, and is ratified by the U.S. Senate and the Russian State Duma on June 1.
2002 – June – The United States withdraws from the ABM Treaty, while Russia withdraws from the START II Agreement.
2002 – June – The Group of Eight announces the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction at its 28th summit in Kananaskis, Alberta.[29]
2002 – November 13 – UNMOVIC inspectors return to Iraq after the Iraq Resolution and UN Security Council Resolution 1441 to ensure that it has ended its CNBR weapons.
2002 – November 25 – The International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation is ratified at The Hague, Netherlands, regulating proliferation of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles.[16]
2002 – December 16 – President Bush issues a national security directive to construct a missile defense system in California and Alaska.[16]
2003 – March 20 – Although Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei claim there is no evidence that Iraqi CNBR weapons development has resumed, President Bush authorizes the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. During the occupation of Iraq no evidence of weapons of mass destruction is found.
2003 – North Korea withdraws from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
2003 – North Korea announces that it has several nuclear explosives. The Six-Party Talks begin in Beijing.[90]
2003 – December – Libya announces the closure of its WMD programs, including an early attempt to develop an atomic bomb using designs from Abdul Qadeer Khan.[5]
2005 - June - Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is elected President of Iran and declares that Iran has a right to construct nuclear weapons.[34]
2005 – August – In Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei issued a fatwa forbidding the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons.
2006 – May – The United States begins preparing missile defense systems in the Czech Republic and Poland.[16]
2006 - April 11 - President Ahmedinejad announces that Iran has produced enriched uranium in defiance of the UN and the IAEA, leading to sanctions.[98][99]
2006 – July – Prior to the 32nd G8 summit, Russia threatens to retaliate to missile defense preparations in Eastern Europe by targeting European urban centers.[16]
2006 – October 9 – North Korea tests a nuclear weapon for the first time in the Hamgyong Mountains.
2006 – December – The Blair government in the United Kingdom issues a white paper announcing development of a new nuclear submarine using the Rolls-Royce PWR3 nuclear reactor.[100]
2008 – The Russian Navy conducts ten limited patrols with its strategic nuclear submarines, its greatest amount since the collapse of the Soviet Union.[15]
2008 – January – Israel is believed to have tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile, the Jericho III.[101]
2008 – November – Poland and the Czech Republic agree to delay deployment of radar sites until after the 2008 United States presidential elections and the presidential transition.[16]
2009 – April 4 – President Barack Obama pledges a "world without nuclear weapons" in a speech at Hradčany Square in Prague, Czech Republic.[102]
2009 – November 12 – President Obama announces changes to the NATO missile defense system, including an increased reliance on the sea-based Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System and the AN/TPY-2 radar, and the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 missile system.[16]
2009 - October 29 - Iran rejects the Obama administration's first proposal for an anti-nuclear agreement.[103]

2010–present

2010 – North Korea reveals its new uranium-enrichment plant during tensions from the ROKS Cheonan sinking, the May 24 measures, and the bombardment of Yeonpyeong.[90]
2010 – February – Russia issues a revision of its military doctrine limiting the use of nuclear weapons to strictly defensive purposes.[29]
2010 – April 8 – U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dimitri Medvedev sign the New START Treaty reducing strategic warheads.
2010 – May – The United Kingdom releases the Strategic Defence and Security Review under the Cameron-Clegg coalition pledging to limit its number of operational nuclear warheads to 120 with 40 per submarine, which it does by January 2015.[100]
2010 – November 2 – The United Kingdom and France agree to closer cooperation regarding nuclear forces in the Lancaster House Treaties.[10]
2012 – Russia announces that it will resume regular patrols with its SSBN fleet in international waters.[15]
2012 – April 19 – India tests its first intercontinental ballistic missile, the Agni-V.
2012 – October – The Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that Russia will not renew the framework for cooperation with the United States on nuclear dismantlement after the expiration of the Nunn-Lugar Act.[29]
2013 – After negotiations between Iran and the P5+1, the Joint Plan of Action is adopted.
2013 – June – President Obama proposes reducing American strategic nuclear weapons to their lowest point since 1953 in a speech at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.[104]
2013 – The U.S. Department of Defense reports to Congress that the PLA Navy is developing an ballistic missile submarine force.[26]
2014 – September 18 – The 2014 Scottish independence referendum occurs and support for the Scottish National Party begins to grow. Speculations begin on how to withdraw the British nuclear arsenal from Scotland, where its SSBN fleet is deployed at HMNB Clyde and its nuclear arsenal is stored at RNAD Coulport, if it received independence or full fiscal autonomy.
2014 – December – After increasing tensions in Russia–United States diplomatic relations following the Russian annexation of Crimea and the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, cooperation with the United States on securing Russian nuclear stockpiles ends.[29]
2015 – Under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Iran agrees to limit its uranium-enrichment operations in exchange for submitting to IAEA inspections and reduced sanctions.
2015 – Reports about Russia's Status-6 Oceanic Multipurpose System, a system of unmanned underwater vehicles capable of delivering a thermonuclear cobalt bomb, leak.
2015 – September 12 – Jeremy Corbyn, a longtime opponent of nuclear weapons, wins the 2015 Labour Party leadership election and becomes Leader of the Opposition. He proposes ending the Trident programme or removing the Trident missiles' nuclear capability.[100]
2015 – November – The Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 announces the Dreadnought-class submarines a replacement for Britain's aging Vanguard-class submarines and Trident missiles, but is eventually delayed due to "Brexit".[100]
2016 – January – North Korea Hydrogen bomb is 'tested' and confirmed by North Korea leader Kim Jong-Un.
2016 – May 27 – President Obama becomes the first American head of state to visit Hiroshima, expressing sympathy for victims but not issuing a public apology for the bombings as many expected.[105]
2017 – July 7- The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, the first legally-binding international nuclear weapons ban, is ratified by 90 countries. The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons wins the Nobel Peace Prize for its campaigning for the Treaty.
2017 – September – North Korea conducted its seventh nuclear test with a yield between fifty and two hundred fifty kilotons, causing an international crisis. President Donald Trump adopts more bellicose rhetoric towards the country.[90]
2017 – December 12 – The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018 is ratified, declaring Russia to be in violation of the INF Treaty.[39]
2018 – February – Under President Trump, the U.S. Department of Defense's Nuclear Posture Review announces the first expansion of the United States' nuclear arsenal since the end of the Cold War, citing violations of non-proliferation treaties by China and Russia as well as the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the South China Sea territorial disputes.[106][107]
2018 – March 15 – Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman announces on a 60 Minutes interview that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will pursue nuclear weapons in the event of a successful Iranian nuclear test.[108]
2018 – April 27 – Kim Jong-un meets South Korean President Moon Jae-in in Panmunjom for a summit and pledges a denuclearized Korean Peninsula.
2018 – May 1 – President Putin announces a major modernization to Russian nuclear forces in his annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly, including announcing the Avangard hypersonic glide vehicle.[29]
2018 – May 8 – President Trump announces the United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action.
2018 – June 12 – Trump and Kim meet at the 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit, the first American and North Korean heads of state to meet, and issue a joint declaration pledging a denuclearized Korea.
2019 – February – The United States and Russia withdraw from the INF Treaty.
2019 – February 28 – The 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit ends prematurely without a deal, but both parties express commitment to a better relationship.[90]

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Norris, Robert S.; Kristensen, Hans M. (2010-07-01). "Global nuclear weapons inventories, 1945–2010". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 66 (4): 77–83. Bibcode:2010BuAtS..66d..77N. doi:10.2968/066004008. ISSN 0096-3402. S2CID 210541752.
"Milestones: 1969–1976 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"Egypt | Countries | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
Sanger, David E. (2018-10-06). "U.S. General Considered Nuclear Response in Vietnam War, Cables Show". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
M., Cole, Paul (1994). Sweden without the bomb : the conduct of a nuclear-capable nation without nuclear weapons. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Office of Research and Development., Rand Corporation. National Security Research Division. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. ISBN 0833015834. OCLC 31300407.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Curtis LeMay". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
Quester, George H. (2016-04-21). "Missiles in Cuba, 1970". Foreign Affairs: America and the World. No. April 1971. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"Nixon Proposed Using A-Bomb In Vietnam War". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2002-03-01. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"Did Israel Ever Consider Using Nuclear Weapons?". Haaretz. 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
Cortellessa, Eric. "How Leonid Brezhnev almost escalated the Yom Kippur War into a nuclear nightmare". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
"Iran Nuclear, Biological, Chemical, and Missile Weapons Programs | Iran Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
Norris, Robert S.; Kristensen, Hans M. (2016-01-02). "Declassified: US nuclear weapons at sea during the Cold War". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 72 (1): 58–61. Bibcode:2016BuAtS..72a..58N. doi:10.1080/00963402.2016.1124664. ISSN 0096-3402. S2CID 146787694.
"Milestones: 1977–1980 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
Burt, Richard (1978-04-09). "Neutron Bomb Controversy Strained Alliance and Caused Splits in the Administration". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
Philips, Don (October 23, 1984). "Neutron Bomb Reversal". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
"Milestones: 1977–1980 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"France's Nuclear Weapons – Origin of the Force de Frappe". nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
"A Nuclear False Alarm that Looked Exactly Like the Real Thing". Union of Concerned Scientists. 2015-11-09. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
"Thirtieth Anniversary of NATO's Dual-Track Decision". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
"LOOKING BACK: The Nuclear Arms Control Legacy of Ronald Reagan | Arms Control Association". www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
"When Carl Sagan Warned the World About Nuclear Winter". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
"Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
"September 26, 1983". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
Aksenov, Pavel (2013-09-26). "The man who may have saved the world". Retrieved 2019-06-04.
"Nuclear Close Calls: Able Archer 83". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
"Pershing 2". 2 June 1997. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
"Iran's Nuclear Program Timeline and History | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
"Former Yugoslavia | Countries | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
Weiner, Tim (1997-12-20). "How a Spy Left Taiwan in the Cold". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
Sui, Cindy (2017-05-18). "The man who helped prevent a nuclear crisis". Retrieved 2019-04-19.
Westberg, Gunnar (2010-10-09). "Swiss nuclear bomb". IPPNW peace and health blog. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
Edwards, Rob. "Swiss planned a nuclear bomb". New Scientist. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
"Milestones: 1993–2000 – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance". www.nato.int. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons, and Security Assurances At a Glance | Arms Control Association". www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
Gordon, Michael R. (1992-08-04). "Senate, in Defiance of Bush, Votes to End All Nuclear Tests in '96". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
"More megatons to megawatts". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"North Korean Nuclear Negotiations: A Brief History". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
"Nuclear Close Calls: The Norwegian Rocket Incident". Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
"Kazakhstan Nuclear Disarmament | The History of Nuclear Weapons in Kazakhstan | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
"Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons". International Court of Justice. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
"Nuclear Disarmament Belarus | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
"Ukraine Nuclear Weapons Disarmament | The History of Nuclear Weapons in Ukraine | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
"Little Progress Made at START/ABM Talks | Arms Control Association". www.armscontrol.org. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
"Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Strategic Offensive Reductions (START II) | Treaties & Regimes | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
Fathi, Nazila; Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (2006-04-12). "Iran Says It Is Making Nuclear Fuel, Defying U.N." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
"Timeline: Iran's nuclear programme". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
"United Kingdom | Countries | NTI". www.nti.org. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
"Jericho 3". Missile Threat. Retrieved 2019-06-04.
Traynor, Ian (2009-04-05). "Barack Obama launches doctrine for nuclear-free world". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
Sanger, David E.; Erlanger, Steven; Worth, Robert F. (2009-10-29). "Tehran Rejects Nuclear Accord, Officials Report". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
Cohen, Tom (19 June 2013). "Obama calls for reducing U.S., Russian nukes – CNNPolitics". CNN. Retrieved 2019-06-11.
"Sympathy for victims but no apology as Obama makes historic Hiroshima visit". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
"2018 Nuclear Posture Review Resource". Federation of American Scientists. 2018-02-18. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
"Special Report: Nuclear Posture Review – 2018". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
"Saudi crown prince: If Iran develops nuclear bomb, so will we". www.cbsnews.com. March 15, 2018. Retrieved 2019-03-31.

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Nuclear weapons limitation treaties
Treaties	1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 1969 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 1974 Threshold Test Ban Treaty 1970s Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 1971 Seabed Arms Control Treaty 1976 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty 1985 South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1991 START I 1993 START II 1994 United States – Russia mutual detargeting 1995 Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (not in force) 1996 African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 1997 START III 2002 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 2009 Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 2010 New START 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Related	History of nuclear weapons Timeline of nuclear weapons development Nuclear deterrence Nuclear arms race Nuclear disarmament Nuclear weapons delivery Nuclear weapon design Nuclear ethics Nuclear proliferation Nuclear weapons testing Nuclear warfare
Category:Arms control treaties