Tourism in Thailand

Tourism is an economic contributor to the Kingdom of Thailand. Estimates of tourism revenue directly contributing to the GDP of 12 trillion baht range from one trillion baht (2013) 2.53 trillion baht (2016), the equivalent of 9% to 17.7% of GDP.[1][2] When including indirect travel and tourism receipts, the 2014 total is estimated to be the equivalent of 19.3% (2.3 trillion baht) of Thailand's GDP.[3]: 1  The actual contribution of tourism to GDP is lower than these percentages because GDP is measured in value added not revenue. The valued added of the Thailand's tourism industry is not known (value added is revenue less purchases of inputs). According to the secretary-general of the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council in 2019, the government projects that the tourism sector will account for 30% of GDP by 2030, up from 20% in 2019.[4]

Wat Arun, Bangkok is among the best known of Thailand's landmarks.
Number of international tourists

Tourism worldwide in 2017 accounted for 10.4% of global GDP and 313 million jobs, or 9.9% of total employment.[5]: 1  Most governments view tourism as an easy moneymaker and a shortcut to economic development. Tourism success is measured by the number of visitors.[6]

Prior to the pandemic, Thailand was world’s eighth most visited country as per World Tourism rankings compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization. In 2019, Thailand received 39.8 million international tourists, ahead of United Kingdom and Germany. [7] and received fourth highest international tourism earning at 60.5 billion US dollar.

The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), a state enterprise under the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, uses the slogan "Amazing Thailand" to promote Thailand internationally.[8] In 2015, this was supplemented by a "Discover Thainess" campaign.[9]

Overview
Fireworks at Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park, Phetchaburi

Among the reasons for the increase in tourism in the 1960s were the stable political atmosphere and the development of Bangkok as a crossroads of international air transport.[10] The hotel industry and retail industry both expanded rapidly due to tourist demand. It was boosted by the presence of US GIs who arrived in the 1960s for rest and recuperation (R&R) during the Vietnam War.[11] During this time, international tourism was becoming the new trend as living standards increased throughout the world and travel became faster and more dependable with the introduction of new technology in the air transport sector.[12]

Tourist numbers have grown from 336,000 foreign visitors and 54,000 GIs on R&R in 1967[11] to 32.59 million foreign guests visiting Thailand in 2016.[13][14][15] The Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) claims that the tourist industry earned 2.52 trillion baht (US$71.4 billion) in 2016, up 11% from 2015.[13] TAT officials said their revenue estimates, for foreign and domestic tourists combined, show that tourism revenue for all of 2017 may surpass earlier forecasts of 2.77 trillion baht (US$78.5 billion).[13]

In 2015, 6.7 million people arrived from ASEAN countries and the number is expected to grow to 8.3 million in 2016, generating 245 billion baht.[16] The largest numbers of Western tourists came from Russia (6.5%), the UK (3.7%), Australia (3.4%) and the US (3.1%).[17] Around 60% of Thailand's tourists are return visitors.[18]

In 2014, 4.6 million Chinese visitors travelled to Thailand.[17][19] In 2015, Chinese tourists numbered 7.9 million or 27% of all international tourist arrivals, 29.8 million; 8.75 million Chinese tourists visited Thailand in 2016.[20][16] In 2017, 27% of the tourists that came to Thailand came from China.[21] Thailand relies heavily on Chinese tourists to meet its tourism revenue target of 2.2 trillion baht in 2015 and 2.3 trillion in 2016. However, in 2020, it was reported that Chinese tourists now ranked Thailand as third most popular foreign tourist destination, having been the top previously.[22]

It is estimated that the average Chinese tourist remains in the country for one week and spends 30,000–40,000 baht (US$1,000–1,300) per person, per trip.[23] The average Chinese tourist spends 6,400 baht (US$180) per day—more than the average visitor's 5,690 baht (US$160).[16][19] According to Thailand's Tourism Authority, the number of Chinese tourists rose by 93% in the first quarter of 2013, an increase that was attributed to the popularity of the Chinese film Lost in Thailand that was filmed in the northern province of Chiang Mai. Chinese media outlets have claimed that Thailand superseded Hong Kong as the top destination for Chinese travellers during the 2013 May Day holiday.[24] In 2013, the Chinese National Tourism Administration published A Guide to Civilized Tourism which has specific statements regarding how to act as a tourist in Thailand.[25]

In 2015, Thailand hosted 1.43 million Japanese travellers, up 4.1% from 2015, generating 61.4 billion baht, up 6.3%. In 2016, Thailand expects 1.7 million Japanese tourists, generating 66.2 billion baht in revenue.[26]

TAT estimates that 1.9 million Indian tourists visited in 2019, up 22% from 2018, generating 84 billion baht in revenue, up 27%.[27]

To accommodate foreign visitors, the Thai government established a separate tourism police force with offices in the major tourist areas and its own central emergency telephone number.[28]

Since the opening of the Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos borders in the late 1900s, competition has increased because Thailand no longer has the monopoly on tourism in Southeast Asia.[29] Destinations like Angkor Wat, Luang Prabang and Halong Bay now rival Thailand's former monopoly in the Indochina region. To counter this, Thailand is targeting niche markets such as golf holidays, holidays combined with medical treatment or visits to military installations.[20] Thailand has also plans to become the hub of Buddhist tourism in the region.[30]

International rankings

In 2008, Pattaya was 23rd with 4,406,300 visitors, Phuket 31st with 3,344,700 visitors, and Chiang Mai ranked 78th place with 1,604,600 visitors.[31]

In a list released by Instagram that identified the ten most photographed locations worldwide in 2012, Suvarnabhumi Airport and Siam Paragon shopping mall were ranked number one and two respectively, more popular than New York City's Times Square or Paris's Eiffel Tower.[32]

In 2013, Thailand was the 10th "top tourist destination" in the world tourism rankings with 26.5 million international arrivals.[33]: 6 

In the MasterCard 2014 and 2015 Global Destination Cities Index, Bangkok ranked the second of the world's top-20 most-visited cities, trailing only London.[34][35] The U.S. News' 2017 Best Countries report ranked Thailand at 4th globally for adventure value and 7th for cultural heritage.[36]

The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 published by the World Economic Forum ranked Thailand 35 of 141 nations. Among the metrics used to arrive at the rankings, Thailand scored high on "Natural Resources" (16 of 141 nations) and "Tourist Service Infrastructure" (21 of 141), but low on "Environmental Sustainability" (116 of 141) and "Safety and Security" (132 of 141).[37][38]

In 2016, Bangkok ranked 1st surpassing London and New York in Euromonitor International's list of "Top City Destinations" with 21 million visitors.

In 2019, Bangkok ranked 1st surpassing Paris and London in Mastercard's list of "Global Destination Cities Index 2019" with 22.78 million visitors. Phuket was 14th with 9.89 million visitors and Pattaya 15th with 9.44 million visitors.[39]

Global Destination Cities Index 2019
  • Phuket ranked 14th with 9.89 million visitors
    Phuket ranked 14th with 9.89 million visitors
  • Pattaya ranked 15th with 9.44 million visitors
    Pattaya ranked 15th with 9.44 million visitors
  • Chiang Mai with 6.38 million visitors
    Chiang Mai with 6.38 million visitors [40]

Impact of political unrest

At the commencement of 2014, the Thai tourist industry suffered due to the political turmoil that erupted in October 2013. A shutdown of Bangkok's governmental offices on 13 January 2014 by anti-government protesters, prompted some tourists to avoid the Thai capital. TAT estimated that arrival numbers might drop by around five percent in the first quarter of 2014, with the total number of arrivals down by 260,000 from the original projection of 29.86 million. Tourism revenue is also expected to drop slightly from 1.44 trillion.[41]

Tourist arrivals in 2014 totalled 24.7 million, a drop of 6.6% from 2013. Revenues derived from tourism amounted to 1.13 trillion baht, down 5.8% from the previous year. Kobkarn Wattanavarangkul, Thailand's Minister of Tourism and Sports, attributed the decline to the political crisis in the first half of 2014 which dissuaded many potential visitors from visiting Thailand. Tourism officials also pointed to the dramatic fall in the value of the Russian ruble which has damaged the economies of popular Russian destinations such as Phuket and Pattaya.[42]

At the beginning of April 2015, Thailand ended martial law, to be replaced by Article 44 of the provisional constitution, granting unrestricted powers to the prime minister. The words "martial law" were toxic to foreign democracies, but, in terms of tourism, even more toxic to foreign travel insurance providers, who decline to provide insurance to those visiting nations under martial law. The tourism industry rebounded swiftly after the lifting of martial law. Deputy Prime Minister Pridiyathorn Devakula said that the arrival of high-spending tourists from Europe and the US is expected to increase.[43]

Statistics

Foreign tourist arrivals in Thailand
Country or territory 8/202320222021202020192018201720162015201420132012
 Malaysia 2,914,4701,948,5495,511619,6234,265,5744,020,5263,494,4883,494,8903,418,8552,613,4183,041,0972,554,397
 China 2,208,576273,56713,0431,251,49810,997,33810,535,2419,806,2608,757,6467,936,7954,636,2984,637,3352,786,860
 South Korea 1,059,851538,76612,077262,0171,890,9731,796,4261,709,2651,464,2001,373,0451,122,5661,295,3421,163,619
 India 1,020,200997,9136,544263,6591,996,8421,598,3461,415,1971,194,5081,069,422932,6031,050,8891,013,308
 Russia 923,113 435,008 30,759 590,151 1,483,337 1,472,789 1,346,338 1,090,083 884,136 1,606,430 1,746,565 1,316,564
 Vietnam 744,766468,3931,794132,1271,048,1811,028,150935,179830,220751,162559,415725,057618,670
 Singapore 623,497 614,627 5,931 126,771 1,059,484 1,069,867 1,032,647 967,550 938,385 844,133 955,468 831,215
 United States 590,211453,67837,880212,6691,165,9501,122,2701,056,423975,643867,505763,520823,486768,638
 Laos 575,699 502,124 733 380,207 1,854,792 1,664,630 1,682,087 1,388,020 1,220,522 1,053,983 976,639 975,999
 Hong Kong 554,704162,2401,657124,5181,045,3611,015,749821,064751,264669,617483,131588,335473,666
 United Kingdom 519,500444,43238,663223,087992,574986,854994,7551,004,345947,568907,877905,024873,053
 Japan 495,052290,1469,461322,6771,806,4381,656,1011,544,4421,439,5101,381,7021,267,8861,536,4251,373,716
 Indonesia 478,286235,6322,57799,530710,494644,709576,110534,797469,125497,592594,251447,820
 Taiwan 459,072 94,834 1,675 117,511 790,039 687,748 573,077 522,273 552,699 394,149 502,176 394,225
 Germany 441,703365,03045,874231,782852,481886,523850,139837,885761,819715,240737,658682,419
 Australia 434,918336,6889,577123,827767,291801,203817,218796,370807,450831,854900,460930,241
 Cambodia 380,926379,6654,914165,027910,696948,824840,871674,975537,950550,339481,595423,642
 France 361,983 268,587 23,461 237,317 745,346 749,556 740,190 738,878 681,114 635,073 611,582 576,106
 Philippines 293,687178,0214,07872,762506,430432,237381,252339,150310,968304,813321,571289,566
 Myanmar 247,180 193,778 7,256 55,279 378,232 368,188 365,606 341,626 259,678 206,794 172,383 129,385
 Israel 159,263 146,293 14,038 29,444 195,856 188,788 173,673 161,579 141,031 138,778 134,874 129,551
 Netherlands 152,377 116,354 8,539 52,402 241,608 236,265 222,409 235,762 221,619 211,524 218,765 208,122
 Canada 136,127 90,608 6,440 58,499 273,214 276,094 258,494 244,869 227,601 211,059 229,897 219,354
 Italy 120,779 85,254 5,322 60,602 272,374 279,905 264,524 265,597 246,094 219,875 207,192 200,703
 Saudi Arabia 115,954 96,389 467 4,227 30,006 28,337 33,531 24,834 19,168 12,860 21,452 17,084
 Sweden 109,331 97,378 17,094 111,994 287,341 311,949 323,736 332,895 321,690 324,865 341,398 364,681
 Kazakhstan 106,633
 United Arab Emirates 95,885 65,857 4,061 7,492 130,158 128,270 137,218 130,941 124,719 117,907 123,926 113,547
  Switzerland 95,366 81,180 11,429 52,361 192,130 207,471 209,528 209,057 206,480 201,271 199,923 191,147
 Spain 90,818 87,400 3,514 25,904 188,997 181,880 179,584 168,900 150,995 116,983 123,084 113,141
 Bangladesh 89,234 81,106 1,955 21,838 136,677 129,574 121,765 100,263 107,394 88,134 82,418 72,657
 Denmark 77,469 64,249 8,480 66,848 162,456 169,373 161,920 165,581 159,435 160,977 163,186 167,499
 Poland 66,435
 Austria 56,375 42,683 5,486 36,381 111,428 116,656 104,784 100,373 97,869 100,968 106,278 94,667
 Norway 55,460 46,521 5,763 39,778 127,992 128,841 127,850 131,039 135,382 145,207 154,049 148,796
 New Zealand 54,433 35,900 1,151 15,709 112,680 116,726 117,962 111,595 112,411 108,081 118,395 113,871
 Belgium 53,198 48,684 5,386 26,394 114,669 114,270 112,266 111,013 106,090 99,729 101,109 94,896
 Finland 46,446 38,561 6,139 59,567 128,014 140,961 140,464 134,238 134,750 142,425 141,692 154,919
Total 17,873,376 11,153,026 427,869 6,725,193 39,916,251 38,178,194 35,591,978 32,529,588 29,923,185 24,809,683 26,546,725 22,353,903

Past tourism statistics
  • Reference: statistics for the period 1998–2016,[44] 2017[45]–2018.[46]
YearArrivals % change
2023 - January - May 10,673,490 Increase [47]
2022 11,153,026 Increase 93.61%[48]
2021 819,429 Decrease 93.61%[49]
20206,702,396Decrease 83.21%[50]
201939,797,406Increase 4.24%[51]
201838,277,300Increase 7.54%
201735,381,210Increase 8.57%
201632,588,303Increase 8.91%[52]
201529,881,091Increase 20.44%
201424,809,683Decrease 6.54%
201326,546,725Increase 18.77%
201222,353,903Increase 15.98%
201119,230,470Increase 20.67%
201015,936,400Increase 12.63%
200914,149,841Decrease 2.98%
200814,584,220Increase 0.83%
200714,464,228Increase 4.65%
200613,821,802Increase 20.01%
200511,516,936Steady n/a

In their justifications for constructing a new coal-fired power plant in Krabi Province (2015), the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) presumes that by 2032 Thailand will receive more than 100 million tourists a year, 40% of them visiting Phuket and neighbouring areas such as Krabi. On average, the power consumption of a tourist is four times higher than that of a local resident.[53]

In 2015 some segments of Thailand's hospitality industry enjoyed their best year in over two decades, according to research firm STR Global. Thailand closed the year with an overall hotel occupancy of 73.4%, an increase of 13.6% over 2014, as arrivals rose to near the 30 million mark, driven by demand from the Chinese market. December 2015 was a particularly strong month as occupancy levels reached 77.4%, the highest level since 1995.[54]

Despite the increasing number of tourist arrivals, some businesses catering to the tourist trade report declining numbers. Mr Sompoch Sukkaew, chief legal counsel of the Patong Entertainment Business Association (PEBA) in Phuket, said in January 2016 that entertainment businesses are suffering. "Over the past three years, most bars were averaging about B90,000 revenue per day at this time of year,...now they're making just B40,000. Small bars...used to average B40,000 to B50,000 a day, now they're down to just B10,000 per day....PEBA members generated about B1.5 million per day during the peak season. Now it's down to about B540,000 per day." PEBA members number 500 in Patong, with about 200 businesses in the Bangla Road entertainment area. PEBA President Weerawit Kuresombat attributed the decline to the rise in Chinese tourism. "...most of them [Chinese tourists] come on complete tour packages....This means they spend very little on extras....They rarely venture out for the nightlife or even visit independent restaurants. They just don't spend much", he said.[55]

The Thai government expects revenue from foreign tourists to increase by 8.5% to 1.78 trillion baht (US$49.8 billion) in 2017. Deputy Prime Minister Thanasak Patimaprakorn attributed the increase to the improving outlook for global tourism as well as Thailand's investments in infrastructure. In 2016, Thailand had 32.6 million visitors, a rise of nearly nine percent from 2015. In 2017 the number of tourists visiting Thailand exceeded 35 million.[56] Thanasak expects daily tourist spending to increase to 5,200 baht per person in 2017, up from 5,100 baht in 2016.[52] Local tourists are expected to contribute an additional 950 billion baht in tourism revenues in 2017.[57]

Sex tourism
Main article: Prostitution in Thailand

Kobkarn Wattanavrangkul, named Thailand's first female tourism minister in 2014, has pledged to eradicate Thailand's sex industry. "We want Thailand to be about quality tourism. We want the sex industry gone," Ms Kobkarn told Reuters. "Tourists don't come to Thailand for sex. They come here for our beautiful culture." She has named Pattaya, with its thousands of bars, brothels, and massage parlours, her "pilot project" in the cleanup campaign.[58] Kobkarn was replaced as tourism minister in November 2017.[59]

On 21 February 2017, Prime Minister Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha announced that he will order the police to dismantle Pattaya's sex industry. "I don't support prostitution", said Prayut.[60]

Medical tourism

As of 2019, with 64 accredited hospitals, Thailand is currently among the top 10 medical tourism destinations in the world. In 2017, Thailand registered 3.3 million visits by foreigners seeking specialised medical treatment. In 2018, this number grew to 3.5 million.[61][62] As of 2019 Thai medical centres are serving increasing numbers of Chinese medical tourists in tandem with increasing overall Chinese tourism.[63] All numbers reported by the government must be viewed with some skepticism according to the authors of a 2010 study. The Thai government reported that in 2006, 1.2 million medical tourists were treated in Thailand. But the 2010 study of five private hospitals that serve more than 60% of foreign medical tourists concluded that there were 167,000 medical tourists in Thailand in 2010, far below the government estimate. Most came for minor elective (cosmetic) surgery.[62]

Gastronomical tourism

The governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT), said the agency aims to increase income from the gastronomy business from 20% of total tourism income forecasted for 2017 to 25% in 2018. In 2017, TAT aims for 2.77 trillion baht in tourism revenue, 20% of which is projected to come from gastronomy. In 2018, tourism revenue is expected to climb to three trillion baht, with gastronomy accounting for 750 billion baht. Thailand's 103,000 street food vendors alone generated 270 billion baht in revenues in 2017. Suvit Maesincee, Minister of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, expects the Thai street food segment to grow by six to seven percent annually.[64]

TAT, in early-2017, approved a budget of 144 million baht to commission the Michelin Guide to rate restaurants in Thailand for the five-year period 2017–2021. The first guide, Michelin Guide to Bangkok, was released on 6 December 2017. It bestowed Michelin stars on 17 Bangkok restaurants, ten of which do not serve Thai food.[65] Guides to other cities will follow.

In 2016, gastronomy was Thailand's fourth-largest tranche (20%) of tourism income, after accommodation (29%), transport (27%), and shopping and souvenirs (24%). TAT estimates that Chinese tourists spent 83.3 billion baht on food in Thailand in 2016, followed by Russians at 20.8 billion baht, Britons at 18.4 billion baht, Malaysians at 16.1 billion baht, and Americans at 13.9 billion baht.[66]

Elephant tourism
See also: Elephants in Thailand

Elephant trekking has been an attraction for tourists in Thailand for decades. Ever since logging in Thailand was banned in 1989, elephants were brought into camps to put on shows for tourists and to give them rides. The majority of these elephants once used to work in the logging industry. After the government banned logging,[67] many mahouts were then unable to care for their elephants and left them in the wild. After tourism in the country rose, elephants came back into demand. The tourism boom gave elephants a place to work and be cared for. Today there are an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 domesticated elephants in the country.[68]

However, concerns were raised regarding their welfare. Elephants can sustain injuries related to giving rides, or going on treks, with tourists. The elephant's spine is curved and not optimised to carry heavy loads—the weight of two or more tourists at a time. The chairs or benches often used for the tourists to sit on upon it can also cause abrasions and chafing on its back, sides, and torso. During treks mahouts control the elephants with hooks and can use excessive force, resulting in puncture wounds.[68] Common training practices include being chained, cut, stabbed, burned and hit to varying degrees. Inexperienced mahouts are more likely to further harm their elephants and beat them into submission.[68] Hooks are the common tool used to discipline and guide an elephant during treks.[67]

Sport tourism
"Amazing Thailand" – Thailand Tourism booth at a Travel and Tour Expo

Muay Thai is the national sport of Thailand, and a trip to a stadium to witness the 'science of the eight limbs' is an essential experience for many tourists.[69] Studying Muay Thai is a main activity for Thai sport tourism, which the government promotes.[70]

In 2016, there were 11,219 British people, 6,800 Australians, and 5,852 French nationals who visited Thailand to take lessons in the classical martial art. Thirty-eight percent of all people signing up for Muay Thai classes chose Phuket as their study destination, 28% chose Bangkok, and 16% chose Surat Thani.[71]

Tourism authority and initiatives

In order to reignite growth in Thailand's tourist industry, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) has embarked on a new campaign for 2015 entitled "2015: Discover Thainess".[9][72] TAT Governor Thawatchai Arunyik said the campaign will incorporate the "twelve values" that Thai junta leader and Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha wants all Thais to practice.[42] TAT officials foresee a large increase in tourist numbers due to the "Discover Thainess" campaign. Ms Somrudi Chanchai, Director of the TAT Northeastern Office, has forecasted that tourists to her Isan region will increase by 27.9 million [sic] visitors, generating 65 billion baht in revenue.[73]

Safety concerns

Thailand has problems of ensuring adequate safety for foreign tourists, as there were many cases of murder.[74] The high profile Koh Tao murders in 2014 gained the island the nickname "Death Island".[75]

See also

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