Basal body temperature
Basal body temperature (BBT or BTP) is the lowest body temperature attained during rest (usually during sleep). It is usually estimated by a temperature measurement immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken. This will lead to a somewhat higher value than the true BBT.
| Basal body temperature | |
|---|---|
| Background | |
| Type | Fertility awareness |
| First use | 1930s |
| Failure rates (first year) | |
| Perfect use | Unknown%[1] |
| Typical use | Unknown%[1] |
| Usage | |
| Reversibility | Immediate |
| User reminders | Dependent upon strict user adherence to methodology |
| Clinic review | None |
| Advantages and disadvantages | |
| STI protection | No |
| Period advantages | Prediction |
| Weight gain | No |
| Benefits | No side effects, can aid pregnancy achievement |
In women, ovulation causes a sustained increase of at least 0.2 °C (0.4 °F) in BBT. Monitoring BBTs is one way of estimating the day of ovulation. The tendency of a woman to have lower temperatures before ovulation, and higher temperatures afterwards, is known as a biphasic temperature pattern. Charting this pattern may be used as a component of fertility awareness. The BBT of men is comparable to the BBT of women in their follicular phase.[2]
Hormonal causes of biphasic patterns
The higher levels of estrogen present during the pre-ovulatory (follicular) phase of the menstrual cycle lower BBTs. The higher levels of progesterone released by the corpus luteum after ovulation raise BBTs.[3] After ovulation, the temperature will be raised by at least 0.2 °C (0.4 °F), for at least 72 hours, compared to the previous six days.[3] The rise in temperatures can most commonly be seen the day after ovulation, but this varies and BBTs can only be used to estimate ovulation within a three-day range.
If pregnancy does not occur, the disintegration of the corpus luteum causes a drop in BBTs that roughly coincides with the onset of the next menstruation. If pregnancy does occur, the corpus luteum continues to function (and maintain high BBTs) for the first trimester of the pregnancy. After the first trimester, the woman's body temperature drops to her pre-ovulatory normal as the placenta takes over functions previously performed by the corpus luteum.
Very rarely, the corpus luteum may form a cyst. A corpus luteum cyst will cause BBTs to stay elevated and prevent menstruation from occurring until it resolves, which could take weeks or months.
As a birth control method
While avoiding pregnancy
Charting of basal body temperatures is used in some methods of fertility awareness, such as the sympto-thermal method, and may be used to determine the onset of post-ovulatory infertility.[4] When BBT alone is used to avoid a pregnancy, it is sometimes called the Temperature Rhythm method.[4]
Basal body temperature alone is most effective at preventing pregnancy if the couple abstains from intercourse from the beginning of menstruation through the third day after the basal body temperature has risen.[5] BBTs only show when ovulation has occurred; they do not predict ovulation. Sperm typically lasts for at least three days and can survive as long as a week,[3] making prediction of ovulation several days in advance necessary for avoiding pregnancy.
Effectiveness
There is limited evidence about the effectiveness of fertility awareness family planning methods, some of which use basal body temperature as one component.[1] About 24% of women who use any type of fertility awareness program become pregnant during the first year, compared to about 85% of sexually active women who are not trying to prevent a pregnancy.[6][5]
The World Health Organization ranked fertility awareness methods, taken as a whole, as an "effective" method of preventing pregnancies.[5] The WHO placed fertility awareness methods in the third tier of effectiveness, after "most effective" methods such as IUDs and "very effective" methods such as combined oral contraceptive pills.[5][7]
Trying to conceive
Couples that are trying to conceive can use BBT to determine when the opportunity for a pregnancy during this cycle has passed.
As a diagnostic test
For infertility
Infertility due to lack of ovulation is common. BBT charts can be used to identify when and whether ovulation is taking place.[3]
Regular menstrual cycles are often taken as evidence that a woman is ovulating normally, and irregular cycles is evidence she is not. However, many women with irregular cycles do ovulate normally, and some with regular cycles are actually anovulatory or have a luteal phase defect. Records of basal body temperature can be used to accurately determine if a woman is ovulating,[8] and if the length of the post-ovulatory (luteal) phase of her menstrual cycle is long enough to sustain a pregnancy.
For pregnancy
Most pregnancy tests are not accurate until two weeks after ovulation. Knowing an estimated date of ovulation can prevent a woman from getting false negative results due to testing too early. Also, 18 consecutive days of elevated temperatures means a woman is almost certainly pregnant.
For estimating the timing of childbirth
Calculating the expected due date for a pregnancy based upon the self-reported last menstrual period is less accurate than calculating it based upon either BBT or ultrasound.[8]
References
- Grimes DA, Gallo MF, Halpern V, Nanda K, Schulz KF, Lopez LM (2004). "Family planning with methods based on fertility awareness | Cochrane". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD004860. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004860.pub2. PMC 8855505. PMID 15495128.
- Baker, Fiona C.; Waner, Jonathan I.; Vieira, Elizabeth F.; Taylor, Sheila R.; Driver, Helen S.; Mitchell, Duncan (2001-02-01). "Sleep and 24 hour body temperatures: a comparison in young men, naturally cycling women and women taking hormonal contraceptives". The Journal of Physiology. 530 (3): 565–574. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0565k.x. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 2278431. PMID 11158285.
- Coward, Kevin; Wells, Dagan (2013-10-31). Textbook of Clinical Embryology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145, 156. ISBN 9780521166409.
- Grimes, David A.; Gallo, Maria F.; Halpern, Vera; Nanda, Kavita; Shulz, Kenneth F.; Lopez, Laureen M. (October 2004). "Fertility awareness‐based methods for contraception". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004 (4): CD004860. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004860.pub2. PMC 8855505. PMID 15495128.
- Cunningham, F. Gary (2014). Williams Obstetrics (24th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education/Medical. pp. 696, 713. ISBN 9780071798938. OCLC 871619675.
- Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive failure in the United States". Contraception. 83 (5): 397–404. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021. ISSN 0010-7824. PMC 3638209. PMID 21477680.
- Family planning : a global handbook for providers : evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, INFO Project. 2011. ISBN 9780978856304. OCLC 776090067.
- Taylor, Robert B. (2012-12-06). Taylor's Family Medicine Review. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 40. ISBN 9781461221524.
External links
Media related to Basal body temperature at Wikimedia Commons