DPT vaccine

In 2016, the CDC reported that 80.4% of children in the US have received 4 or more DTaP vaccinations by 2 years of life.[15] Vaccination rates for children aged 13–17 with one or more TDaP shots was 90.2% in 2019.[15] Only 43.6% of adults (older than 18) have received a TDaP shot in the last 10 years.[15] The CDC aims to increase vaccination rate among 2 year olds from 80.4% to 90.0%[16]

DTaP (also DTPa and TDaP) is a combination vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, in which the pertussis component is acellular.[18] This is in contrast to whole-cell, inactivated DTP (DTwP).[19] The acellular vaccine uses selected antigens of the pertussis pathogen to induce immunity.[20] Because it uses fewer antigens than the whole-cell vaccines, it is considered to cause fewer side effects, but it is also more expensive.[20] Research suggests that the DTP vaccine is more effective than DTaP in conferring immunity, because DTaP's narrower antigen base is less effective against current pathogen strains.[21]

Tdap, (also dTpa), is a tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine. It was licensed in the United States for use in adults and adolescents on 10 June 2005.[22] Two Tdap vaccines are available in the US. In January 2011, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended the use of Tdap in adults of all ages, including those age 65 and above.[23] In October 2011, in an effort to reduce the burden of pertussis in infants, the ACIP recommended that unvaccinated pregnant women receive a dose of Tdap. On 24 October 2012, the ACIP voted to recommend the use of Tdap during every pregnancy.[24][25]

The ACIP and Canada's National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended that both adolescents and adults receive Tdap in place of their next Td booster (recommended to be given every ten years).[26][27][28][22] Tdap and Td can be used as prophylaxis for tetanus in wound management. People who will be in contact with young infants are encouraged to get Tdap even if it has been less than five years since Td or TT to reduce the risk of infants being exposed to pertussis. NACI suggests intervals shorter than five years can be used for catch-up programs and other instances where programmatic concerns make five-year intervals difficult.[29]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a pentavalent vaccine, combining the DTP vaccine with vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type B and hepatitis B. Evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is compared to the individual vaccines has not yet been determined.[30]

A 2019 study in the American Economic Journal found that state requirements mandating the use of the Tdap vaccine "increased Tdap vaccine take-up and reduced pertussis (whooping cough) incidence by about 32 percent."[31]

DT and Td vaccines, lack the pertussis component.[32][33][34] The Td vaccine is administered to children over the age of seven as well as to adults. It is most commonly administered as a booster shot every 10 years.[32] The Td booster shot may also be administered as protection from a severe burn or dirty wound.[32] The DT vaccine is given to children under the age of seven, who are unable to receive the pertussis antigen in the DTaP vaccine due to a contraindication.[35]

In the United States, a combined vaccine inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), DTaP, and hepatitis B vaccine is available for children.[36][37] In the UK, all babies born on or after 1 August 2017 are offered a hexavalent vaccine: DTaP, IPV, Haemophilus influenzae, and hepatitis B.[38]

Common side effects include soreness where the shot was given, fever, irritability, tenderness, loss of appetite, and vomiting.[18] Most side effects are mild to moderate and may last from one to three days.[18] More serious but rare reactions after a DTaP vaccination may include seizures, lowered consciousness, or a high fever over 105 °F (41 °C).[6] Allergic reactions are uncommon, but are medical emergencies. Signs of an allergic reaction include hives, dyspnea, wheezing, swelling of face and throat, syncope, and tachycardia and the child should be rushed to the nearest hospital.[42]

Common side effects include pain or swelling where the shot was given, mild fever, headache, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach ache.[18] Allergic reactions are possible and have the same presentation and indications as described above for allergic reactions in DTaP. Any individual who has experienced a life-threatening allergic reaction after receiving a previous dose of diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis containing vaccine should not receive the Tdap vaccination.[18]

In pregnant women, research suggests that Tdap administration may be associated with an increased risk of chorioamnionitis, a placental infection.[43] Increased incidence of fever is also noted in pregnant women.[43] Despite the observed increase in incidence of chorioamnionitis in pregnant women following Tdap administration, there has been no observed increase in the incidence of preterm birth, for which chorioamnionitis is a risk factor.[43][44] Research has not discerned an association between Tdap administration during pregnancy and other serious pregnancy complications such as neonatal death and stillbirth.[43][44] An association between Tdap administration during pregnancy and pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders (such as pre-eclampsia) has not been identified.[44]

In France, DTP refers to a diphtheria, tetanus and polio vaccine. It is mandatory and given at 2 months (1st dose) and 4 months (2nd dose) with a booster at 11 months. Subsequent boosters are recommended at ages 6, 11–13, 25, 45, 65, then every ten years.[45]

In the Netherlands, pertussis is known as kinkhoest and DKTP refers to the DTaP-IPV combination vaccine against diphtheria, kinkhoest, tetanus, and polio. DTP is given as part of the National Immunisation Programme.[46]

In the United Kingdom, DTP is called the "3-in-1 teenage booster" and protects against tetanus, diphtheria and polio. It is given by the NHS to all teenagers aged 14 (the hexavalent vaccine is given to infants and provides the first stage of protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and polio, as well as pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Hepatitis B). Subsequent boosters are recommended for foreign travellers where more than 10 years has passed since their last booster.[47] This is provided on the NHS free of charge due to the significant risk that an imported case of polio could pose to public health in Britain.[48]

The standard immunization regimen for children within the United States is five doses of DTaP between the ages of two months and fifteen years. To be considered fully vaccinated, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) typically requires five doses of Tdap.[49] The CDC recommends that children receive their first dose at two months, the second dose at four months, the third dose at six months, the fourth dose between 15 and 18 months, and the fifth dose between 4–6 years. If the fourth dose of the DTaP immunization regimen falls on or subsequent to the recipient's fourth birthday, the CDC states that only four doses are required to be fully vaccinated.[49] In the instance that an individual under 18 has not received the DTaP vaccine, individuals should be vaccinated on the schedule in accordance with the vaccination "catch up schedule" provided by the CDC.[49]

Infants younger than 12 months of age, specifically less than three months of age, are at highest risk of acquiring pertussis.[50] In U.S, there is no current tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccination (whooping cough) recommended or licensed for new born infants.[50] As a result, in their first few months of life, unprotected infants are at highest risk of life-threatening complications and infections from pertussis. Infants should not receive pertussis vaccination younger than six weeks of age.[51] Ideally, Infants should receive DTaP (name of whooping cough vaccine for children from age 2 months through 6 years) at 2, 4, 6 months of age and they are not protected until the full series is completed.[50] To protect infants younger than twelve months of age not vaccinated with Tdap against pertussis, ACIP also recommends adults (e.g., parents, siblings, grandparents, childcare providers, and healthcare personnel) and children to receive Tdap at least two weeks before being in contact with the infant.[40]

The CDC recommends that adults who have received their childhood DTP series receive a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.[52][53] For adults that have not received the DTP series, the CDC recommends a three-part vaccine series followed by a Td or Tdap booster every ten years.[52]

According to the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines, one dose of Tdap is recommended during each pregnancy to ensure protection against pertussis in newborn infants.[54] Optimal timing to administer a dose of Tdap during each pregnancy is between 27 through 36 weeks gestation.[54] If Tdap is administered early in pregnancy, it is not recommended to administer again during the 27 through 36 weeks gestation period as only one dose is recommended during pregnancy.[55] In October 2022, Boostrix (Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, Adsorbed [Tdap]) was approved for immunization during the third trimester of pregnancy to prevent pertussis, commonly known as whooping cough, in infants younger than two months of age.[56]

Pregnant women who have not previously vaccinated with Tdap (i.e., have never received DTP, DTaP, or DT as child or Td or TT as an adult) are recommended to receive a series of three Td vaccinations starting during pregnancy to ensure protection against maternal and neonatal tetanus.[57] In such cases, administration of Tdap is recommended after 20 weeks' gestation,[58][25] and in earlier pregnancy a single dose of Tdap can be substituted for one dose of Td, and then the series completed with Td.[57][25] For pregnant women not previously vaccinated with Tdap, if Tdap is not administered during pregnancy, it should be administered immediately postpartum.[40] Postpartum administration of TDaP is not equivalent to administration of the vaccination during pregnancy.[59] Because the vaccine is administered postpartum, the mother is unable to develop antibodies that can be transferred to the infant in utero, consequently, leaving the infant vulnerable to the diseases preventable by the Tdap Vaccine.[59] Postpartum administration of the TdaP vaccine to the mother seeks to reduce the likelihood that the mother will contract disease that can be subsequently passed on the infant, albeit there will still be a two week period prior to the protective effects of the vaccine setting in.[59] Postpartum administration is an extension of the concept of "cocooning," a term that refers to the full vaccination of all individuals that may come into direct contact with the infant.[59] Cocooning, like postpartum Tdap aministration, is not recommended by the CDC.[59] Cocooning depends on ensuring full vaccination of all individuals that the infant may come into contact with, and there may be financial, administrative or personal barriers that preclude full and timely vaccination of all individuals within the "cocoon."[59]

Brand names in the United Kingdom include Revaxis (Sanofi Pasteur).[65]

As of January 2020, there are six DTaP vaccines and two Tdap vaccines licensed and available for use in the United States.[66][67] All of them are indicated as childhood vaccinations with the schedules as follows:

• World Health Organization (2009). The immunological basis for immunization : module 2: diphtheria - update 2009. World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/44094. ISBN 9789241597869.
• Ramsay M, ed. (2013). "Chapter 15: Diphtheria". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
• Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• World Health Organization (2017). The immunological basis for immunization series: module 4: pertussis, update 2017. World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/259388. ISBN 9789241513173.
• Ramsay M, ed. (2013). "Chapter 24: Pertussis". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
• Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015). "Chapter 16: Pertussis". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (13th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ISBN 978-0990449119.
• Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). "Chapter 10: Pertussis". Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

• World Health Organization (2018). The immunological basis for immunization series: module 3: tetanus: update 2018. World Health Organization (WHO). hdl:10665/275340. ISBN 9789241513616.
• Ramsay M, ed. (2013). "Chapter 30: Tetanus". Immunisation against infectious disease. Public Health England.
• Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. (2015). "Chapter 21: Tetanus". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (13th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ISBN 978-0990449119.
• Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MA, eds. (March 2019). "Chapter 16: Tetanus". Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Atlanta GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).