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Translingual
Punctuation mark
— (English name em dash)
- Indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been interrupted.
- Demarcates parenthetical thought. See — —.
- Indicates a logical consequence. See also : (“the colon”).
- 1962, Jack Frohlichstein, Mathematical Fun, Games and Puzzles (in English), Courier Corporation, →ISBN, page 9:
- Bet anyone he can't correctly name the next highest number to every number which you will give him. […]
- 43 — he will say 44
- 87 — he will say 88
- 123 — he will say 124
-
- Indicates aposiopesis, an abrupt breaking-off in speech. See also … (“the ellipsis”).
- Separates a term from its definition.
- 2011, Adam Rizvi, Click Start to Begin: Windows XP Basics (in English), Click Start Publishing Ltd., →ISBN, page 22:
- Refresh — This will refresh the current folder, updating it with any new files or settings.
-
- Indicates a lack of data in a table[1]
- Alternative form of ― (“horizontal bar; quotation dash; introduces a line of dialogue”)
- censored letters.
- D—n. F—k.
Quotations
For quotations of use of this term, see Citations:—.
Derived terms
See also
- Afrikaans: “ ”, ‘ ’, „ ”, ‚ ’
- Albanian: „ “, ‘ ’
- Arabic: “ ”, « »
- Armenian: « »
- Azerbaijani: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, " ", ‘ ’, ' '
- Basque: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, ‘ ’
- Belarusian: « », “ ”
- Bulgarian: „ “, ’ ’, ‘ ’, « », ’ ’, ‘ ’, —
- Catalan: « », “ ”, ‘ ’
- Chinese: “ ”, ‘ ’, 「 」, 『 』
- Czech: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Danish: » «, „ “, › ‹, ‚ ’, ” ”, ’ ’
- Dutch: ‘ ’, “ ”, ‚ ’, „ ”
- English U.K.: ‘ ’, “ ”
- English U.S.: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Esperanto: “ ”, ‘ ’, —
- Estonian: „ “, « »
- Filipino: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Finnish: ” ”, ’ ’, » »
- French: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, —
- Georgian: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- German: „ “, ‚ ‘ ; » «, › ‹ ; regional: « », ‹ ›
- Greek: « », “ ”, —
- Hungarian: „ ”, » «, —
- Icelandic: „ “, ‚ ‘
- Indonesian: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Interlingua: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Irish: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Italian: « », ‹ ›, ‟ ”, ‛ ’
- Japanese: 「 」, 『 』, 〟 〝
- Korean: “ ”, ‘ ’, 『 』, 「 」
- Kurdish: « »
- Latvian: « », „ “
- Lithuanian: « », „ “
- Lower Sorbian: „ “, ‚ ‘
- Macedonian: „ “, ’ ‘
- Norwegian: « », „ “, ‘ ’, ‚ ‘
- Persian: « »
- Polish: „ ”, « », » «, —
- Portuguese: “ ”, ‘ ’, « », —
- Russian: « », „ “, „ ”, —
- Serbo-Croatian: „ ”, ” ”, ‘ ’, ’ ’, „ “, » «
- Slovak: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Slovene: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Spanish: “ ”, ‘ ’, —, « »
- Swedish: ” ”, ’ ’, » », » «, ’ ’, —
- Thai: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Turkish: “ ”, ‘ ’, « », › ‹, —
- Ukrainian: « », „ ”, ‚ ‘
- Vietnamese: “ ”, —
- Welsh: ‘ ’, “ ”
quotation marks - all matched-pairs
quotation marks and quotation dashes - all single characters
- dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― )
- ellipsis ( … )
- exclamation mark ( ! )
- fraction slash ( ⁄ )
- guillemets ( « » )
- hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ )
- interpunct ( · )
- interrobang (rare) ( ‽ )
- parentheses ( ( ) )
- period (US) or full stop (UK) ( . )
- question mark ( ? )
- quotation marks (formal) ( ‘ ’ ) ( “ ” )
- quotation marks (informal, Computing) ( " ) ( ' )
References
- Joan G. Nagle, Handbook for preparing engineering documents: from concept to completion, 1995, p. 114:
We can use the word none or N/D (no data), or insert an em dash; any of these entries show that we haven't simply forgotten to fill the cell. N/A is commonly used for not applicable. It's good practice to footnote N/A or N/D the first time it is used.
Russian
Punctuation mark
—
- Indicates zero (omission) of the present tense of быть (bytʹ). Called тире́ (tirɛ́) in Russian.
- Used in — —.
- Replaces ‐ in some appositions, where hyphen would be used to connect the appositive word and the word in apposition if neither of them was a phrase.
- Не́которые госуда́рства — чле́ны ЕС препя́тствуют размеще́нию бе́женцев на свое́й террито́рии.
- Nékotoryje gosudárstva — člény JeS prepjátstvujut razmeščéniju béžencev na svojéj territórii.
- Some EU member states prevent placement of refugees on their territory.
Usage notes
- "—" is not used when the subject is a pronoun; e.g., я ру́сский (ja rússkij, “I am Russian”) or with predicative adjectives.
- "— —" are preferred over "( )" when the supplemental information is necessary to understand author's point and can't be dropped.
- Hyphen is used in Russian apposition when the first word is not a form of address (e. g. товарищ) and the second word is an appellative.
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