允

允	U+5141, 允 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5141

← 兀
[U+5140]

CJK Unified Ideographs

兂 →
[U+5142]

Translingual

Han character

允 (radical 10, 儿+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 戈竹山 (IHU), four-corner 2321₀, composition ⿱厶儿)

References

KangXi: page 123, character 3

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1338

Dae Jaweon: page 258, character 1

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 265, character 3

Unihan data for U+5141

Chinese

simp. and trad.		允

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 允

**Oracle bone script**
j20520	j20521	j20522	j20523	j20524	j20525	j20526	j20527
j20528	j20529	j20530	j20531	j20532	j20533	j20534	j20535
j20536	j20537	j20538	j20539	j20540	j20541	j20542	j20543
j20544	j20545	j20546	j20547	j20548	j20549	j20550	j20551
j20552	j20553	j20554	j20555	j20556	j20557	j20558	j20559
j20560	j20561	j20562	j20563	j20564	j20565	j20566	j20567
j20568	j20569	j20570	j20571	j20572	j20573	j20574	j20575
j20576	j20577	j20578	j20579	j20580	j20581	j20582	j20583
j20584	j20585	j20586	j20587	j20596	j20597	j20598	j20599
j20600	j20601	j20602	j20603	j20604	j20605	j20606	j20607
j20608	j20609	j20610	j20611	j20612	j20613	j20614	j20615
j20616	j20617	j20622

**Bronze inscriptions**
b13468	b13469	b13470	b13471

**Small seal script**
s06202

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L15716	L15717	L15718	L15719

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (允) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
唆	*sloːl
梭	*sloːl
葰	sloːlʔ, sroːlʔ, *slul
誜	*sroːls
朘	*ʔslon
捘	ʔsluːls, ʔsluːns, *sʰlun
荾	*slul
酸	*sloːn
狻	*sloːn
痠	*sloːn
鋑	*ʔslon
脧	*ʔsluːl
悛	*sʰlon
吮	zlonʔ, ɦljunʔ
萒	ɡronʔ, lonʔ
沇	*lonʔ
抁	*lonʔ
馻	lonʔ, lunʔ
兖	*lonʔ
渷	*lonʔ
兗	*lonʔ
焌	ʔsluːns, ʔsluns, *sʰlud
允	*lunʔ
狁	*lunʔ
玧	*lunʔ
俊	*ʔsluns
晙	ʔsluns, sluns
餕	*ʔsluns
畯	*ʔsluns
駿	*ʔsluns
竣	*sʰlun
皴	*sʰlun
逡	*sʰlun
踆	*sʰlun
夋	*sʰlun
埈	*sluns
陖	*sluns
鵕	*sluns
浚	*sluns
峻	*sluns

Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) .

Small seal script (corrupted form): Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *lunʔ) : phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 儿.

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs *winʔ ~ *junʔ, and suggests a possible relationship to Burmese ယုံ (yum, “to believe”); if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *yum (“to believe”). Other cognates are Asho Chin yón-é, Mara Chin zó, Lahu ʑo³¹.

信 (OC *hljins) (minimally reconstructed *sin(s)) is a possible derivative.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yǔn (yun³)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄣˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): jyun⁴, wan⁵

(Taishan, Wiktionary): vun⁴
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ún / ín

(Teochew, Peng'im): rung²
Wu (Wiktionary): yn (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: yǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄣˇ
  - Wade–Giles: yün³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeun
  - IPA ^(key): /yn²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jyun⁴, wan⁵
  - Yale: yùhn, wáhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jyn⁴, wan⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: yun⁴, wen⁵
  - IPA ^(key): /jyːn²¹/, /wɐn¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: vun⁴
  - IPA ^(key): /vun²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ún
  - Tâi-lô: ún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: uon
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /un⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /un⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ín
  - Tâi-lô: ín
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ien
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /in⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /in⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: rung²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: júng
  - IPA ^(key): /d͡zuŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: yn (T2)
  - IPA ^(key): /ʏɲ³⁴/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 允
Mandarin	Beijing	/yn²¹⁴/ /ʐuən²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/yn²¹³/
	Tianjin	/yŋ¹³/
	Jinan	/yẽ⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/yə̃⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/yn⁵³/
	Xi'an	/yẽ⁵³/
	Xining	/yə̃⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/yŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ỹn⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/yn⁴²/
	Chengdu	/yn⁵³/ /yoŋ⁵³/
	Guiyang	/in⁴²/
	Kunming	/ĩ/
	Nanjing	/yn²¹²/
	Hefei	/yn²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/yŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ỹŋ⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦyŋ²³/ /ɦioŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/yən⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/ʔin⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠oŋ³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/yʌ̃³⁵/
Hui	Tunxi	/yan²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/yn⁴¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/yn⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/yn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiun⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/wɐn³⁵/
	Nanning	/wɐn³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/wɐn³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/un⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/yŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/œyŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/zuŋ⁵³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/zun²¹³/

Middle Chinese: /jiuɪn^X/▼

Rime
Character	允
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	余準切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiuɪn^X/
Pan Wuyun	/jʷin^X/
Shao Rongfen	/juen^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jwin^X/
Li Rong	/iuĕn^X/
Wang Li	/jĭuĕn^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯uĕn^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǔn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[l]u[r]ʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*lunʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	允
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǔn
Middle Chinese	‹ ywin^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[l]u[r]ʔ/
English	truly
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	允
Reading #	1/1
No.	16452
Phonetic component	允
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	尹
Old Chinese	/*lunʔ/
Notes	說文以聲

Definitions

允

Compounds

不允 (bùyǔn)
中允
依允
俞允
俯允
允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
允執其中／允执其中
允執厥中／允执厥中
允婚
允從／允从

允承
允文允武
允洽
允當／允当 (yǔndàng)
允許／允许 (yǔnxǔ)
允諾／允诺 (yǔnnuò)
公允 (gōngyǔn)
平允 (píngyǔn)
慨允
慨然允諾／慨然允诺

慨然應允／慨然应允
應允／应允 (yīngyǔn)
明允
滿口應允／满口应允
祝允明
答允 (dāyǔn)
葷允／荤允
虞允文
面允

References

“允”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

允

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

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Readings

On (unclassified): いん (in)
Kun: まこと (makoto, 允); ゆるす (yurusu, 允す); じょう (jō, 允)
Nanori: なり (nari); や (ya)

Proper noun

允 (hiragana まこと, rōmaji Makoto)

A male given name

Korean

Hanja

允 • (yun) (hangeul 윤, revised yun, McCune–Reischauer yun)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

允 (doãn, duẫn)

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