信

See also: 㐰 and 伩
信 U+4FE1, 信
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FE1
← 俠
[U+4FE0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 俢 →
[U+4FE2]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

信 (radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人卜一口 (OYMR), four-corner 20261, composition ⿰亻言)

References
  • KangXi: page 105, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 707
  • Dae Jaweon: page 224, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 165, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4FE1

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 信
variant forms 㐰
伩 2nd‐round simp.

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 信
Small seal script

s01702

s01703

Transcribed ancient scripts

L36438

L36439

L36440

L36441

L36442

L21999

L22000

L22001

L22002

L22003

L22004

L22005

L22006

L22007

L22008

L22009

L22010

L22011

L22012

L22013

L22014

L22015

L22016

L22017

L22018

L22019

L22020

L22021

L22022

L22023

L22024

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 人 (“person”) + 言 (“word”) – a person's (truthful) words.

Etymology

Possibly derived from 允 (OC *lunʔ) (minimally reconstructed: *winʔ ~ *junʔ) (Schuessler, 2007)

Alternatively, Baxter & Sagart (2012) reconstruct *s-niŋ-s and suggest a derivation, albeit uncertain, from 仁 (OC niŋ) with valency-increasing prefix s-; as apparently "while 仁 rén means 'kindness' as a property of a single person, when 信 xìn is used, it refers to a quality directed to another person"

Pronunciation
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 信
Mandarin Beijing /ɕin⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕin⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕin⁵³/
Jinan /ɕiẽ²¹/
Qingdao /siə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /sin³¹²/
Xi'an /ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
Xining /ɕiə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕiŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /ɕĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /ɕiŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕin³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕin¹³/
Guiyang /ɕin²¹³/
Kunming /ɕĩ²¹²/
Nanjing /sin⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Suzhou /sin⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /ɕin⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /saŋ⁴²/
Hui Shexian /siʌ̃³²⁴/
Tunxi /sin⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /sin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /sin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /ɕin⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /sin⁵³/
Taoyuan /sin⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /søn³³/
Nanning /ɬɐn³³/
Hong Kong /søn³³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sin²¹/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sɛiŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /seiŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /siŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /tin³⁵/
Rime
Character 信
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息晉切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /siɪnH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sinH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /sjenH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /sinH/
Li
Rong		 /siĕnH/
Wang
Li		 /sĭĕnH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /si̯ĕnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 xìn
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 信
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 xìn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sinH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*s-ni[ŋ]-s/
English truthful

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 信
Reading # 1/1
No. 13849
Phonetic
component		 信
Rime
group		 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 信
Old
Chinese		 /*hljins/
Notes 金文或從人從口，
本指操信符傳言之信使，
故表可信，或從言身聲

Definitions

信

  1. true; accurate; verifiable
  2. truly; indeed
  3. trustworthy
  4. to believe; to trust in something
    我才不信呢。  ―  Wǒ cái bù xìn ne.  ―  I don't believe it/you.
  5. trust; confidence; faith
    信任  ―  xìnrèn  ―  trust
    因信稱義 / 因信称义  ―  yīn xìn chēngyì  ―  to be justified by faith
  6. to believe in (a faith); to be religious in
    我父親信佛教。 / 我父亲信佛教。  ―  Wǒ fùqīn xìn fójiào.  ―  My father is a Buddhist. (lit. My father believes in Buddhism.)
  7. at will
    信口雌黃 / 信口雌黄  ―  xìnkǒu cíhuáng  ―  to make irresponsible remarks (lit. to correct someone with at will)
  8. letter (written communication) (Classifier: 封 m c)
  9. message; news; information
    信息  ―  xìnxī  ―  news, message
  10. evidence
    信物  ―  xìnwù  ―  token, keepsake

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 信 (“letter”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 書信, 信件, 信函, 書函
Mandarin Beijing 信
Taiwan 信
Jinan 信
Muping 信
Luoyang 信
Wanrong 信
Xi'an 信
Xining 信
Xuzhou 信
Yinchuan 信
Lanzhou 信
Ürümqi 信
Wuhan 信
Chengdu 信
Guiyang 信
Liuzhou 信
Yangzhou 信
Nanjing 信
Hefei 信
Cantonese Guangzhou 信
Hong Kong 信
Foshan 信
Shunde 信
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 信
Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 信
Taishan 信
Kaiping (Chikan) 信
Dongguan 信
Shaoguan 信
Yunfu 信
Yangjiang 信
Xinyi 信
Lianjiang 信
Gan Nanchang 信
Lichuan 信
Pingxiang 信
Hakka Meixian 信
Yudu 信
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 信仔
Liudui (S. Sixian) 信仔
Hsinchu (Hailu) 信仔
Dongshi (Dabu) 信
Hsinchu (Raoping) 信仔, 信
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 批, 信
Huizhou Jixi 信
Jin Taiyuan 信
Xinzhou 信
Min Bei Jian'ou 信
Min Dong Fuzhou 批
Matsu 批
Min Nan Xiamen 批
Quanzhou 批
Zhangzhou 批
Taipei 批
Kaohsiung 批
Tainan 批
Taichung 批
Hsinchu 批
Lukang 批
Sanxia 批
Yilan 批
Kinmen 批
Magong 批
Penang 批
Singapore 批
Chaozhou 信, 批
Haikou 信
Leizhou 信
Puxian Min Putian 批
Xianyou 批
Pinghua Nanning 信
Wu Shanghai 信
Suzhou 信
Wenzhou 信
Chongming 信
Danyang 信
Jinhua 信
Ningbo 信
Xiang Changsha 信
Shuangfeng 信
Loudi 信

Compounds
Derived terms from 信

Japanese

Kanji
信

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Noun

信 (hiragana しん, rōmaji shin)

  1. trust, faith
    信 (しん)を置 (お)く、信 (しん)を得 (え)る
    shin o oku, shin o eru
    to put one's trust (in something), to gain someone's trust
→

Korean

Hanja

信 • (sin)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 신
    • Name (hangeul): 믿을
  1. believe/trust

Vietnamese

Han character

信 (tín, tin)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References
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