出る

Japanese
Kanji in this term
出
で
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Etymology

/idu/ → /du/ → /duru/ → /deru/

From Old Japanese 出づ (idu).

The initial i fell out in compounds where the preceding element ended in i. The du form on its own was not used much outside of compounds until the Kamakura period.[1][2]

The ending then shifted from -duru (modern -dzuru) to -deru, a shift common to all lower bigrade verbs that occurred from the late Muromachi period through the early Edo period.

Some sources trace the development instead as idu → iduru → duru → deru.[3]

Pronunciation

Verb

出る (intransitive, ichidan conjugation, hiragana でる, rōmaji deru)

Japanese verb pair
active 出す
mediopassive 出る
  1. to leave a place
    部 (へ)屋 (や)を出 (で)る
    heya o deru
    to leave a room
  2. to go out
    外 (そと)に出 (で)る。
    Soto ni deru.
    I'll go outside.
    旅 (たび)に出 (で)る。
    Tabi ni deru.
    I'll go out on a trip.
  3. to come forth, to be or become apparent, to appear
    お化 (ば)けが出 (で)た。
    Obake ga deta.
    A spirit appeared.
    血 (ち)が出 (で)ているよ。
    Chi ga dete iru yo.
    You're bleeding.
    (literally, “Blood is coming out.”)
  4. to make an appearance, to appear
    社会 (しゃかい)に出 (で)る
    shakai ni deru
    to go out into the world; to enter society
    • 2007, various contributors, 石川セリ (Ishikawa Seri), in Japanese Wikipedia,
      もっとテレビに出 (で)て下 (くだ)さい。
      Motto terebi ni dete kudasai.
      Please make more TV appearances.
  5. (by extension from “to appear”) to answer (as in the phone or door)
    電 (でん)話 (わ)に出 (で)る。
    Denwa ni deru.
    I'll answer the phone.
    私 (わたし)が出 (で)る。
    Watashi ga deru.
    I'll answer the door.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "出る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 出 で de
Continuative (連用形) 出 で de
Terminal (終止形) 出る でる deru
Attributive (連体形) 出る でる deru
Hypothetical (仮定形) 出れ でれ dere
Imperative (命令形) 出よ¹
出ろ²		 でよ¹
でろ²		 deyo¹
dero²
Key constructions
Passive 出られる でられる derareru
Causative 出させる
出さす		 でさせる
でさす		 desaseru
desasu
Potential 出られる
出れる³		 でられる
でれる³		 derareru
dereru³
Volitional 出よう でよう deyō
Negative 出ない
出ぬ
出ん		 でない
でぬ
でん		 denai
denu
den
Negative continuative 出ず でず dezu
Formal 出ます でます demasu
Perfective 出た でた deta
Conjunctive 出て でて dete
Hypothetical conditional 出れば でれば dereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Classical conjugation of "出" (ダ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 出でde
Continuative (連用形) 出でde
Terminal (終止形) 出づdu
Attributive (連体形) 出るづるduru
Realis (已然形) 出れづれdure
Imperative (命令形) 出よでよdeyo
Key constructions
Negative 出ずでずdezu
Contrasting conjunction 出れどづれどduredo
Causal conjunction 出ればづればdureba
Conditional conjunction 出ばでばdeba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 出きできdeki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 出けりでけりdekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 出つでつdetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 出ぬでぬdenu
Perfect-continuative tense 出たりでたりdetari

Antonyms

See also

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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