研究

See also: 硏究

Chinese
grind fine; study; research after all; to investigate; to study carefully
simp. and trad.
(研究)		 研 究

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 研 究
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 先 (85) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) IV III
Fanqie 吾甸切 居祐切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋenH/ /kɨuH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋenH/ /kiuH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋɛnH/ /kiəuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋɛnH/ /kuwH/
Li
Rong		 /ŋenH/ /kiuH/
Wang
Li		 /ŋienH/ /kĭəuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋienH/ /ki̯ə̯uH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yàn jiù

Verb

研究

  1. to research; to study
    科學研究 / 科学研究  ―  kēxué yánjiū  ―  scientific research
    研究對象 / 研究对象  ―  yánjiū duìxiàng  ―  research subject
  2. to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate
    這個問題有待研究。 [MSC, trad.]
    这个问题有待研究。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhège wèntí yǒudài yánjiū. [Pinyin]
    This problem requires discussion.

Noun

研究

  1. (countable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)
    可行性研究  ―  kěxíngxìng yánjiū  ―  feasibility study
  2. (uncountable) research; study; investigation; deliberation; discussion
    研究方向  ―  yánjiū fāngxiàng  ―  research direction
    研究方法  ―  yánjiū fāngfǎ  ―  research method

Derived terms
Derived terms from 研究

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (研究):

See also

Japanese
Kanji in this term
研 究
けん
Grade: 3		 きゅう
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuH?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Min Dong ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.

The original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.

Pronunciation

Noun

研究 (hiragana けんきゅう, rōmaji kenkyū)

  1. a piece of research, a study, investigation
    • 1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感:
      間違 (まちが)える事 (こと)なしには研 (けん)究 (きゅう)は進 (すす)められない。
      Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.
      Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.

Compounds

Verb

研究する (hiragana けんきゅうする, rōmaji kenkyū suru)

  1. to research, to study
    • 1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術:
      これらの作品 (さくひん)が研 (けん)究 (きゅう)された。
      Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.
      These works have been studied.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "研究する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 研究し けんきゅうし kenkyū shi
Continuative (連用形) 研究し けんきゅうし kenkyū shi
Terminal (終止形) 研究する けんきゅうする kenkyū suru
Attributive (連体形) 研究する けんきゅうする kenkyū suru
Hypothetical (仮定形) 研究すれ けんきゅうすれ kenkyū sure
Imperative (命令形) 研究せよ¹
研究しろ²		 けんきゅうせよ¹
けんきゅうしろ²		 kenkyū seyo¹
kenkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 研究される けんきゅうされる kenkyū sareru
Causative 研究させる
研究さす		 けんきゅうさせる
けんきゅうさす		 kenkyū saseru
kenkyū sasu
Potential 研究できる けんきゅうできる kenkyū dekiru
Volitional 研究しよう けんきゅうしよう kenkyū shiyō
Negative 研究しない けんきゅうしない kenkyū shinai
Negative continuative 研究せず けんきゅうせず kenkyū sezu
Formal 研究します けんきゅうします kenkyū shimasu
Perfective 研究した けんきゅうした kenkyū shita
Conjunctive 研究して けんきゅうして kenkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional 研究すれば けんきゅうすれば kenkyū sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean
Hanja in this term
研究

Noun

研究 • (yeon-gu) (hangeul 연구)

  1. Alternative form of 硏究

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this word
研究

Verb

研究

  1. Hán tự form of nghiên cứu (“to research”).
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