-us

From Latin -us.

-us

1. (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

-us

1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Cognate with Finnish -us.

-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   armastama "to love" → armastus "love"

   võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"

   joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"

2. Derives nouns from adjectives.

   aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"

   pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys) and nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus). Compare -os.

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)

1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.

   kuvata (“to describe”) → kuvaus (“description”)

   pakata (“to pack”) → pakkaus (“package”)

   ylentää (“to promote”) → ylennys (“promotion”)

   hälyttää (“to alarm”) → hälytys (“an alarm”)

2. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.

   kanta (“base”) → kannus (“spur”)

   sormi (“finger”) → sormus (“ring”)

   vasta- (“counter-”) → vastus (“resistance, opposition”)

   kehä (“circle, ring”) → kehys (“frame”)

   syli (“bosom, lap”) → sylys (“armful”)

   typerä (“stupid”) → typerys (“fool”)

See the etymology of -uus.

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)

1. Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.

• su

-u (“diminutive suffix”) + -s (“diminutive suffix”)[1]

• IPA^(key): [uʃ]

-us

1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.

   Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”)

   apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”)

   cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”)

   kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”)

2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix.

   agronómus (“agronomist”)

(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people's given names, but also of common nouns, usually ending in a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

• -is
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

• Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006

From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (adjectival ending).

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /us/, [ʊs]

-us m (feminine -a, neuter -um); first/second declension

1. suffix forming adjectives

First/second declension.

• -tus

• “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

-ùs m stress pattern 4

1. Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something

   ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”)

   kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”)

• -usis

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

• -ius

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

-us, -ùs m

1. Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.

   alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)

   sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)

(noun):

(adjective):

From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

• -ius
• -uos, -iuos

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

-us, -ùs

1. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
2. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.

• -uosius

Cognate with Russian -в (-v). See also -usi. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

• -ius

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

-us

1. Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle

   bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”)

   slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hid”)

• -ęs

From Latin -ōsus.

-us

1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

• Welsh: -us

From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.

-us

1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.

   ‎vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (“something to be cooked”)

   ‎muitalit (“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (“something to be told; story”)

2. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.

   ‎juohkit (“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (“division, section”)

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

For even-syllable stems:

For odd-syllable stems:

• -eus, -eux, -os, -ous

From Latin -ōsus.

-us

1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

• English: -ous
• Middle French: -eux
  • French: -eux
• Norman: -eux

• IPA^(key): /us/

-us

1. Alternative form of -as

-us (suffixed pronoun)

1. her (object pronoun)
2. them

• IPA^(key): /us/

-us

• derogatory suffix
• demonym suffix

Usually creates colloqiual words that have pejorative or offensive meaning, such as arabus or bambus. More rarely, creates demonyms, for example krakus.

From Middle Welsh -us, from Latin -ōsus.

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨ̞s/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɪs/

-us

1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns