endurecer

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, present active infinitive of indūrēscō, from indūrō.

Pronunciation

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.du.ɾɨ.ˈseɾ/
Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present indicative endureço, past participle endurecido)

to harden
to strengthen

Conjugation

Conjugation of the Portuguese -er verb endurecer

	Singular			Plural
Notes:^[edit] This is a regular verb of the -er group. The last letter c is changed to ç, depending on the following vowel, resulting in these four possible sequences: -ça-, -ce-, -ci- and -ço-. Verbs with this conjugation include: acontecer, amanhecer, carecer, conhecer, descer, esquecer, merecer, parecer, reconhecer, tecer, vencer.
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	endurecer
Personal	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endurecerem
Gerund
	endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine	endurecido			endurecidos
Feminine	endurecida			endurecidas
Indicative
Present	endureço	endureces	endurece	endurecemos	endureceis	endurecem
Imperfect	endurecia	endurecias	endurecia	endurecíamos	endurecíeis	endureciam
Preterite	endureci	endureceste	endureceu	endurecemos	endurecestes	endureceram
Pluperfect	endurecera	endureceras	endurecera	endurecêramos	endurecêreis	endureceram
Future	endurecerei	endurecerás	endurecerá	endureceremos	endurecereis	endurecerão
Conditional
	endureceria	endurecerias	endureceria	endureceríamos	endureceríeis	endureceriam
Subjunctive
Present	endureça	endureças	endureça	endureçamos	endureçais	endureçam
Imperfect	endurecesse	endurecesses	endurecesse	endurecêssemos	endurecêsseis	endurecessem
Future	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endurecerem
Imperative
Affirmative	-	endurece	endureça	endureçamos	endurecei	endureçam
Negative (não)	-	endureças	endureça	endureçamos	endureçais	endureçam

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, present active infinitive of indūrēscō, from indūrō.

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezco, first-person singular preterite endurecí, past participle endurecido)

to harden, make hard

Conjugation

Rule: c becomes a zc before a or o.

Conjugation of endurecer (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)^{edit data}

		singular			plural
infinitive			endurecer
gerund			endureciendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		endurecido		endurecida
		plural		endurecidos		endurecidas
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	endurezco	endureces^tú endurecés^{^vos}	endurece	endurecemos	endurecéis	endurecen
	imperfect	endurecía	endurecías	endurecía	endurecíamos	endurecíais	endurecían
	preterite	endurecí	endureciste	endureció	endurecimos	endurecisteis	endurecieron
	future	endureceré	endurecerás	endurecerá	endureceremos	endureceréis	endurecerán
	conditional	endurecería	endurecerías	endurecería	endureceríamos	endureceríais	endurecerían

subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	endurezca	endurezcas	endurezca	endurezcamos	endurezcáis	endurezcan
	imperfect (ra)	endureciera	endurecieras	endureciera	endureciéramos	endurecierais	endurecieran
	imperfect (se)	endureciese	endurecieses	endureciese	endureciésemos	endurecieseis	endureciesen
	future¹	endureciere	endurecieres	endureciere	endureciéremos	endureciereis	endurecieren

imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		endurece^{^tú} endurecé^{^vos}	endurezca	endurezcamos	endureced	endurezcan
	negative		no endurezcas	no endurezca	no endurezcamos	no endurezcáis	no endurezcan

¹ Mostly obsolete form, now mainly used in legal jargon.

Other verbs with this conjugation:

► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Spanish_verbs_ending_in_-er_(conjugation_c-zc)' title='Category:Spanish verbs ending in -er (conjugation c-zc)'>Spanish verbs ending in -er (conjugation c-zc)</a>

Selected combined forms of endurecer^{edit data}

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive endurecer
	dative	endurecerme	endurecerte	endurecerle, endurecerse	endurecernos	endureceros	endurecerles, endurecerse
	accusative	endurecerme	endurecerte	endurecerlo, endurecerla, endurecerse	endurecernos	endureceros	endurecerlos, endurecerlas, endurecerse

with gerund endureciendo
	dative	endureciéndome	endureciéndote	endureciéndole, endureciéndose	endureciéndonos	endureciéndoos	endureciéndoles, endureciéndose
	accusative	endureciéndome	endureciéndote	endureciéndolo, endureciéndola, endureciéndose	endureciéndonos	endureciéndoos	endureciéndolos, endureciéndolas, endureciéndose

with informal second-person singular imperative endurece
	dative	enduréceme	endurécete	endurécele	endurécenos	not used	enduréceles
	accusative	enduréceme	endurécete	endurécelo, endurécela	endurécenos	not used	endurécelos, endurécelas

with formal second-person singular imperative endurezca
	dative	endurézcame	not used	endurézcale, endurézcase	endurézcanos	not used	endurézcales
	accusative	endurézcame	not used	endurézcalo, endurézcala, endurézcase	endurézcanos	not used	endurézcalos, endurézcalas

with first-person plural imperative endurezcamos
	dative	not used	endurezcámoste	endurezcámosle	endurezcámonos	endurezcámoos	endurezcámosles
	accusative	not used	endurezcámoste	endurezcámoslo, endurezcámosla	endurezcámonos	endurezcámoos	endurezcámoslos, endurezcámoslas

with informal second-person plural imperative endureced
	dative	endurecedme	not used	endurecedle	endurecednos	endureceos	endurecedles
	accusative	endurecedme	not used	endurecedlo, endurecedla	endurecednos	endureceos	endurecedlos, endurecedlas

with formal second-person plural imperative endurezcan
	dative	endurézcanme	not used	endurézcanle	endurézcannos	not used	endurézcanles, endurézcanse
	accusative	endurézcanme	not used	endurézcanlo, endurézcanla	endurézcannos	not used	endurézcanlos, endurézcanlas, endurézcanse

Related terms

duro

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