Fungal isolate

Fungal isolates have been researched for decades. Because fungi often exist in thin mycelial monolayers, with no protective shell, immune system, and limited mobility, they have developed the ability to synthesize a variety of unusual compounds for survival. Researchers have discovered fungal isolates with anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and other bio-active properties. The first statins, β-Lactam antibiotics, as well as a few important antifungals, were discovered in fungi.

Chemotherapeutic isolates

BMS manufactures paclitaxel using Penicillium and plant cell fermentation. Fungi can synthesize podophyllotoxin and camptothecin, precursors to etoposide, teniposide, topotecan, and irinotecan.

Lentinan, PSK, and PSP, are registered anticancer immunologic adjuvants. Irofulven and acylfulvene are anticancer derivatives of illudin S. Clavaric acid is a reversible farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Inonotus obliquus creates betulinic acid precursor betulin. Flammulina velutipes creates asparaginase. Plinabulin is a fungal isolate derivative currently being researched for anticancer applications.

Cholesterol inhibitors

The statins lovastatin, mevastatin, and simvastatin precursor monacolin J, are fungal isolates. Additional fungal isolates that inhibit cholesterol are zaragozic acids, eritadenine, and nicotinamide riboside.

Immunosuppressants

Ciclosporin, mycophenolic acid, mizoribine, and gliotoxin, are immunosuppressant fungal isolates.

Antimicrobials

Penicillin, cephalosporins, fusafungine, usnic acid, fusidic acid, fumagillin, brefeldin A, verrucarin A, alamethicin, are antibiotic fungal isolates. Antibiotics retapamulin, tiamulin, and valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal isolate pleuromutilin. Griseofulvin, echinocandins, strobilurin, azoxystrobin, caspofungin, micafungin, are fungal isolates with antifungal activity.

Psychotropic isolates

The headache medications cafergot, dihydroergotamine, methysergide, methylergometrine, the dementia medications hydergine, nicergoline, the Parkinson's disease medications lisuride, bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide were all derived from Claviceps isolates. Polyozellus multiplex synthesizes prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors polyozellin, thelephoric acid, and kynapcins. Boletus badius synthesizes L-theanine.

Other isolates

Researchers have discovered other interesting fungal isolates like the antihyperglycemic compounds ternatin, aspergillusol A, sclerotiorin, and antimalarial compounds codinaeopsin, efrapeptins, and antiamoebin. The fungal isolate ergothioneine is actively absorbed and concentrated by the human body via SLC22A4. Other notable fungal isolates include vitamin D1, vitamin D2, and vitamin D4.

Isolate Source Researched activity / Chemical description
9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus potent, selective, anticancer activity comparable to doxorubicin (IC50 = 3.1 μM against K562)[1]
14-Norpseurotin A Aspergillus antiparasitic/anticancer[1]
3-O-Methylfunicone Penicillium pinophilum in vitro cancer stem cell inhibitor
Anicequol Penicillium aurantiogriseum in vitro anchorage-independent cancer inhibitor
Anomalin A sponge-derived Arthrinium angiogenesis inhibitor
Antiamoebin Emericellopsis anti-microbial/protozoan polypeptide
Arugosin C Aspergillus versicolor isolated from Red Sea green alga bio-active anthraquinone[2]
Aspergillides A-C marine Aspergillus ostianus anticancer/cytotoxic
Aspergillusene "sea fan"-derived Aspergillus sydowii antioxidant sesquiterpene
Aspergilone A "sea fan"-derived Aspergillus anticancer and antifouling activity[3]
Aspergillusol A marine Aspergillus alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
Asperterrestide A marine Aspergillus terreus cytotoxic and antiviral cyclic tetrapeptide
Asterric acid Antarctic Geomyces endothelin binding inhibitor
Auranthine Penicillium antimicrobial
Aurantiamine Penicillium aurantiogriseum valine and histidine derived diketopiperazine
Aurantiomide sponge-derived Penicillium aurantiogriseum quinazoline alkaloid with cytotoxic/anticancer activity
Berkeleydione fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) anticancer polyketide-terpenoid
Berkeleytrione fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) anticancer polyketide-terpenoid
Berkelic acid fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) spiroketal anticancer compound
beta-Ergocryptine ergot dopaminergic ergot alkaloid
Bisvertinolone Trichoderma anticancer[4]
Botryodiplodin Penicillium antibiotic mycotoxin
Brevianamide S marine Aspergillus versicolor antimicrobial dimeric diketopiperazine
Brevicompanines D-H deep ocean sediment Penicillium lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide inhibitor
Cephalosporolide marine Penicillium novel lactones
Chaetoglobosin A Chaetomium anticancer[5]
Chaetoxanthone marine-derived Chaetomium bio-active xanthone
Chanoclavine ergot dopamine agonist
Chanoclavine II ergot
Chetracins B Antarctic psychrophilic Oidiodendron truncatum in vitro anticancer (nanomolar)
Chrysophanic acid antiviral/anticancer anthraquinone
Citreorosein Penicillium antimicrobial polyketide
Citrinolactone D marine-derived Penicillium citrinin derivative
Citromycetin Australian Penicillium bio-active polyketide
Citromycin Penicillium antibiotic
Communesin B Mediterranean Axinella-derived Penicillium anticancer
Costaclavin ergot
Cryptoechinuline D mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived Aspergillus anticancer
Curvularin Penicillium antimicrobial
Decumbenone C marine Aspergillus sulphureus anticancer
Dehydroaltenusin Alternaria tenuis inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase α
Dehydrocurvularin Penicillium antimicrobial
Disydonols A-C marine Aspergillus anticancer
Duclauxin Penicillium duclauxi anticancer[6]
Epicoccins Cordyceps-colonizing Epicoccum nigrum antiviral
Epolactaene marine fungus antiinflammatory, inhibitory activity of DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerase II, active synthetic analogs[7]
Epoxyagroclavine permafrost Penicillium ergot alkaloid
Epoxyphomalins A-B marine Paraconiothyrium potent cytotoxics
Ergosine ergot dopaminergic ergot alkaloid
Ergostane mushrooms steroid
Ergostine ergot alpha-adrenergic blocking, vasoconstrictive ergot alkaloid
Eupenifeldin Eupenicillium brefeldianum antimicrobial cytotoxic bistropolone
Evariquinone Emericella variecolor (derived from the marine sponge Haliclona)
Fecosterol fungi and lichens steroid
Fellutanine Penicillium bio-active diketopiperazine alkaloids
Festuclavine Aspergillus fumigatus bio-active ergoline
Fumigaclavine A endophytic Aspergillus bio-active ergoline
Fumigaclavine B endophytic Aspergillus bio-active ergoline
Fumigaclavine C endophytic Aspergillus bio-active ergoline
Fumiquinazoline soft coral Sinularia-derived Aspergillus fumigatus cytotoxic/anticancer
Fungisterol Cordyceps sinensis steroid
Glionitrin A mine-dwelling Aspergillus fumigatus antibiotic-anticancer
Glionitrin B Aspergillus fumigatus KMC-901 anticancer diketopiperazine
Hymenosetin Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus antimicrobial (active against MRSA)[8]
Isoemericellin marine Emericella variecolor
Leporizines A-C Aspergillus cytotoxic epithiodiketopiperazines
Leptosphaerin marine Leptosphaeria oraemaris antifungal
Lichesterol fungi and lichens steroid
Luteoalbusins A-B deep sea Acrostalagmus luteoalbus anticancer indole diketopiperazines
Luteusin A Talaromyces luteus monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Malettinin Hypoxylon polyketide/antimicrobial
Maximiscin Tolypocladium (Salcha, Alaska)[9] anticancer polyketide-shikimate compound
Meleagrin deep ocean Penicillium anticancer
Methylenolactocin Penicillium anticancer
Neoxaline Aspergillus japonicus antimitotic and antiplatelet
Nigerapyrones A-E marine mangrove-derived, endophytic Aspergillus niger anticancer
Nigrosporin B Nigrospora antimicrobial
Nocapyrones E-G Nocardiopsis dassonvillei antimicrobial alpha-pyrones
Notoamide marine Aspergillus bio-active prenylated indole alkaloid
Oxaline Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus japonicus anticancer (tubulin polymerization inhibitor), O-methylated derivative of meleagrin
Pencolide seaweed-derived endophytic fungi bio-active maleimide
Penicitrinol J marine-derived Penicillium bio-active citrinin dimer
Penicitrinol K marine-derived Penicillium bio-active citrinin derivative
Penicitrinone E marine-derived Penicillium bio-active citrinin dimer
Penochalasin A endophytic Chaetomium cytotoxic/anticancer cytochalasan-based alkaloid
Penostatin A Penicillium cytotoxic metabolite
Pestalamides A-C Pestalotiopsis theae antiviral and antifungal
Petrosifungin sponge-derived Penicillium brevicompactum novel cyclodepsipeptide
Phillyrin endophytic fungus (isolated from Forsythia) antiobesity
Piscarinine Penicillium piscarium westling bio-active polycyclic diketopiperazine alkaloid
Prenylterphenyllins marine Aspergillus candidus anticancer
Protuboxepins A and B Aspergillus SF-5044 anticancer diketopiperazines
Pseurotin A endophytic Aspergillus antiparasitic and anticancer
Pyrenocine marine Penicillium paxilli antibiotic/antiinflammatory mycotoxin[10]
Questiomycin A Penicillium expansum antibiotic
Quinocitrinine permafrost Penicillium quinoline alkaloid
RES-1149-2 Aspergillus non-peptidic endothelin receptor antagonist
Retigeric acid B Lobaria (lichen) anticancer
Rubratoxin B Penicillium rubrum anticancer
Rugulovasine Penicillium
Sch 642305 Penicillium verrucosum and Rhizoctonia solani bacterial DNA primase inhibitor
Sclerotides A-B Aspergillus sclerotiorum PT06-1 bio-active cyclic hexapeptides
Secalonic acid marine fungi nootropic
Shamixanthone Aspergillus bio-active prenylated xanthone
Shearinine marine Penicillium janthinellum anticancer
Siderin Aspergillus versicolor isolated from Red Sea green alga bio-active anthraquinone
Sorbicillactone A sponge-derived fungus novel bio-active alkaloid
Spiculisporic acid marine Aspergillus bioactive γ-butenolide
Spiropreussione Preussia anticancer
Stephacidin Aspergillus ochraceus WC76466 anticancer/cytotoxic
Stromemycin marine Emericella C-glycosidic depside matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
Terpestacin endophytic fungus Drechslera ravenelii anticancer
Terrestrols marine Penicillium terrestre cytotoxic/anticancer[11]
Terreulactone A Aspergillus terreus anti-acetylcholinesterase terpenoid
Topopyrone C Phoma and Penicillium anticancer human topoisomerase I inhibitor
Trachyspic acid Talaromyces trachyspermus heparanase inhibitor
Trichodimerol Trichoderma bio-active pentacycle
Ustusolates marine Aspergillus ustus anticancer
Variecolactone Emericella purpurea mycelium immunomodulatory sesterterpene
Variecolol Emericella aurantio-brunnea immunosuppressant/antiviral alkaloid
Varixanthone marine Emericella variecolor antimicrobial
Vermiculine Penicillium vermiculatum antibiotic
Vermistatin fungal extremophile (Berkeley Pit, Montana) anticancer[12]
Vermixocin Penicillium vermiculatum cytotoxic metabolite
Verrucosidin Penicillium verrucosum cytotoxic pyrone-type polyketide
Verrulactone A Penicillium antimicrobial alternariol
Versicolamide B marine Aspergillus a paraherquamide-stephacidin
Viscumamide mangrove-derived endophytic fungi cyclic peptide
Yaequinolone J1 Penicillium sp. FKI-2140 antibiotic

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Ge HM, Yu ZG, Zhang J, Wu JH, Tan RX (2009). "Bioactive alkaloids from endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus". J Nat Prod. 72 (4): 753–5. doi:10.1021/np800700e. PMID 19256529.
  2. ↑ Hawas UW, El-Beih AA, El-Halawany AM (2012). "Bioactive anthraquinones from endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor isolated from red sea algae". Arch Pharm Res. 35 (10): 1749–56. doi:10.1007/s12272-012-1006-x. PMID 23139125.
  3. ↑ Shao CL, Wang CY, Wei MY, Gu YC, She ZG, Qian PY, et al. (2011). "Aspergilones A and B, two benzylazaphilones with an unprecedented carbon skeleton from the gorgonian-derived fungus Aspergillus sp". Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 21 (2): 690–3. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.005. PMID 21194945.
  4. ↑ Abe, N; Arakawa, T; Hirota, A (2002). "The biosynthesis of bisvertinolone: Evidence for oxosorbicillinol as a direct precursor". Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England) (3): 204–5. doi:10.1039/b109505f. PMID 12120368.
  5. ↑ Kawahara, T; Itoh, M; Izumikawa, M; Sakata, N; Tsuchida, T; Shin-Ya, K (2013). "New chaetoglobosin derivatives, MBJ-0038, MBJ-0039 and MBJ-0040, isolated from the fungus Chaetomium sp. f24230". The Journal of Antibiotics. 66 (12): 727–30. doi:10.1038/ja.2013.75. PMID 23881215.
  6. ↑ Kuhr, I; Fuska, J; Sedmera, P; Podojil, M; Vokoun, J; Vanĕk, Z (1973). "An antitumor antibiotic produced by Penicillium stipitatum Thom; its identity with duclauxin". The Journal of Antibiotics. 26 (9): 535–6. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.26.535. PMID 4799788.
  7. ↑ Mizushina Y, Kuramochi K, Ikawa H, Kuriyama I, Shimazaki N, Takemura M, et al. (2005). "Structural analysis of epolactaene derivatives as DNA polymerase inhibitors and anti-inflammatory compounds". Int J Mol Med. 15 (5): 785–93. doi:10.3892/ijmm.15.5.785. PMID 15806299.
  8. ↑ Halecker S, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Mohr KI, Brock NL, Dickschat JS, et al. (2014). "Hymenosetin, a 3-decalinoyltetramic acid antibiotic from cultures of the ash dieback pathogen, Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus". Phytochemistry. 100: 86–91. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.018. hdl:10033/337879. PMID 24529574.
  9. ↑ Du, L; Robles, AJ; King, JB; Powell, DR; Miller, AN; Mooberry, SL; Cichewicz, RH (2013). "Crowdsourcing Natural Products Discovery to Access Uncharted Dimensions of Fungal Metabolite Diversity". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 53 (3): 804–9. doi:10.1002/anie.201306549. PMC 4028707. PMID 24285637.
  10. ↑ Toledo TR, Dejani NN, Monnazzi LG, Kossuga MH, Berlinck RG, Sette LD, et al. (2014). "Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pyrenocine A Isolated from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium paxilli Ma(G)K". Mediators Inflamm. 2014: 767061. doi:10.1155/2014/767061. PMC 3916108. PMID 24574582.
  11. ↑ Chen L, Fang Y, Zhu T, Gu Q, Zhu W (2008). "Gentisyl alcohol derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium terrestre". J Nat Prod. 71 (1): 66–70. doi:10.1021/np070421v. PMID 18163588.
  12. ↑ Stierle AA, Stierle DB, Girtsman T (2012). "Caspase-1 inhibitors from an extremophilic fungus that target specific leukemia cell lines". J Nat Prod. 75 (3): 344–50. doi:10.1021/np200414c. PMC 3330824. PMID 22295871.
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