Herpetic whitlow

Herpetic whitlow
Herpetic whitlow in a young child who earlier had developed herpes gingivostomatitis

A herpetic whitlow is a lesion (whitlow) on a finger or thumb caused by the herpes simplex virus. It is a painful infection that typically affects the fingers or thumbs. Occasionally infection occurs on the toes or on the nail cuticle. Herpes whitlow can be caused by infection by HSV-1 or HSV-2.[1] HSV-1 whitlow is often contracted by health care workers that come in contact with the virus; it is most commonly contracted by dental workers and medical workers exposed to oral secretions.[2][3] It is also often observed in thumb-sucking children with primary HSV-1 oral infection (autoinoculation) prior to seroconversion,[1] and in adults aged 20 to 30 following contact with HSV-2-infected genitals.[4]

Symptoms and signs

Symptoms of herpetic whitlow include swelling, reddening and tenderness of the skin of infected finger. This may be accompanied by fever and swollen lymph nodes. Small, clear vesicles initially form individually, then merge and become cloudy, unlike in bacterial whitlow when there is pus. Associated pain often seems largely relative to the physical symptoms. The herpes whitlow lesion usually heals in two to three weeks.[5] It may reside in axillary sensory ganglia to cause recurrent herpetic lesions on that arm or digits. Blistering can occur in severe cases.[6]

  • Palmar side , shows two yellowish vesicles.
    Palmar side , shows two yellowish vesicles.
  • Photo of a herpetic whitlow with swelling, erythema, and nonpurulent vesicle formation
    Photo of a herpetic whitlow with swelling, erythema, and nonpurulent vesicle formation

Causes

In children the primary source of infection is the orofacial area, and it is commonly inferred that the virus (in this case commonly HSV-1) is transferred by the cutting, chewing or sucking of fingernail or thumbnail.

In adults, it is more common for the primary source to be the genital region, with a corresponding preponderance of HSV-2. It is also seen in adult health care workers such as dentists because of increased exposure to the herpes virus.

Contact sports are also a potential source of infection with herpetic whitlows.[7]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Herpetic whitlow is done via the following:[8]

  • Appearance of lesions
  • PCR test
  • Direct fluorescent antibody testing
  • Tzanck test

Treatment

Although it is a self-limited illness, oral or intravenous antiviral treatments, particularly acyclovir, have been used in the management of immunocompromised or severely infected patients. It is usually given when the condition fails to improve on its own.[6] Topical acyclovir has not been shown to be effective in management of herpetic whitlow. Famciclovir has been demonstrated to effectively treat and prevent recurrent episodes.[9] Lancing or surgically debriding the lesion may make it worse by causing a superinfection or encephalitis.[10]

Prognosis

Even though the disease is self-limiting, as with many herpes infections, the virus lies dormant in the peripheral nervous system. The disease recurs in about 20-50% of people. The most severe infection is usually the first one, with recurrences subsequently getting milder. The lesions the disease makes will either dry out, or burst, followed by healing. If the infected area is not touched, scars usually do not occur. The immunocompromised may have a hard time recovering, and have more frequent recurrences.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Clark DC (2003). "Common acute hand infections". Am Fam Physician. 68 (11): 2167–76. PMID 14677662. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  2. ↑ Lewis MA (2004). "Herpes simplex virus: an occupational hazard in dentistry". International Dental Journal. 54 (2): 103–11. doi:10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00263.x. PMID 15119801.
  3. ↑ Avitzur Y, Amir J (2002). "Herpetic whitlow infection in a general pediatrician--an occupational hazard". Infection. 30 (4): 234–6. doi:10.1007/s15010-002-2155-5. PMID 12236568. S2CID 30338306.
  4. ↑ Wu IB, Schwartz RA (2007). "Herpetic whitlow". Cutis. 79 (3): 193–6. PMID 17674583.
  5. ↑ Anonymous (1971). "Herpetic whitlow: a medical risk". Br Med J. 4 (5785): 444. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5785.444. PMC 1799611. PMID 5125276.
  6. 1 2 "Herpes Virus Gives Man a Blistery Finger Infection". Live Science. Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
  7. ↑ Hoff NP, Gerber PA (2012). "Herpetic whitlow". CMAJ. 184 (17): E924. doi:10.1503/cmaj.111741. PMC 3503926. PMID 22546886.
  8. ↑ Stat Pearls. NIH. 2022. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  9. ↑ Alster, T. S.; Nanni, C. A. (March 1999). "Famciclovir prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus reactivation after laser skin resurfacing". Dermatologic Surgery. 25 (3): 242–246. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08197.x. ISSN 1076-0512. PMID 10193975.
  10. ↑ "UpToDate". Archived from the original on 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  11. ↑ "Herpetic whitlow". Health24. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-07.
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