List of skeletal muscles of the human body

This is a table of skeletal muscles of the human anatomy.

There are around 650 skeletal muscles within the typical human body.[1][2][3] Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320 pairs of muscles, as presented in this article. Nevertheless, the exact number is difficult to define. Different sources group muscles differently, regarding what is defined as different parts of a single muscle or as several muscles. There are also vestigial muscles that are present in some people but absent in others, such as palmaris longus muscle.[4][5]

The muscles of the human body can be categorized into a number of groups which include muscles relating to the head and neck, muscles of the torso or trunk, muscles of the upper limbs, and muscles of the lower limbs.

The action refers to the action of each muscle from the standard anatomical position. In other positions, other actions may be performed.

These muscles are described using anatomical terminology. The term "muscle" is omitted from muscle names (except when a muscle is an origin or insertion), and the term "bone" is omitted from bone names. The terms "artery" and "nerve" are both used when these structures are mentioned.

Forehead/eyelid

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
occipitofrontalis2 occipital bellies and 2 frontal belliesepicranial aponeurosisfacial nerve [CNVII]raises eyebrows
     occipitalissuperior nuchal line of occipital bone, mastoid part of temporal boneoccipital arteryposterior auricular nerve (facial nerve [CNVII])retracts scalp
     frontalisskin of eyebrow and glabellaophthalmic arteryfacial nerve [CNVII]wrinkles eyebrow
orbicularis oculiorbital part: frontal bone

palpebral part: medial palpebral ligament

lacrimal part: posterior crest of lacrimal bone

 orbital part: lateral palpebral raphe

palpebral part: lateral palpebral raphelacrimal part: Edges of eyelids

 ophthalmic artery, zygomatico-orbital artery, angular arteryzygomatic branch of facial nerve [CNVII]closes eyelidslevator palpebrae superioris
corrugator superciliinasal part of frontal boneintermediate third of skin of eyebrowophthalmic arteryzygomatic branch of facial nerve [CNVII]moves skin of forehead medially and inferiorly (towards root of nose)
depressor superciliinasal part of frontal bone, medial rim of orbitmedial third of skin of eyebrowmoves skin of eyebrows inferiorly

Extraocular muscles

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
levator palpebrae superiorissphenoid bonetarsal plate, upper eyelidophthalmic arteryoculomotor nerve [CNIII]retracts and elevates eyelidorbicularis oculi
superior tarsalunderside of levator palpebrae superiorissuperior tarsal plate of eyelidsympathetic nervous systemraises upper eyelid
Rectus muscles
     superiorannulus of Zinn at orbital apex7.5 mm superior to corneal limbusophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve [CNIII]elevates, adducts, and medially rotates eye
     inferior6.5 mm inferior to corneal limbusophthalmic artery inferior branch of oculomotor nerve [CNIII]depresses and adducts eye
     medial5.5 mm medial to corneal limbusophthalmic artery inferior branch of oculomotor nerve [CNIII]adducts eye
     lateral7 mm temporal to corneal limbusophthalmic artery abducens nerve [CNVI]abducts eye
Oblique muscles
     superiorannulus of Zinn at orbital apex, medial to optic canalouter posterior quadrant of eyeballlateral muscular branch of ophthalmic arterytrochlear nerve [CNIV]intorts, abducts, and depress eye
     inferiororbital surface of maxilla, lateral to lacrimal groovelaterally onto eyeball, deep to lateral rectus, by a short flat tendonoculomotor nerve [CNIII]extorts, elevates, and abducts eye

Ear

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
temporoparietalisauriculares musclesepicranial aponeurosisfacial nerve [CNVII]
Auriculares
auricularis anterior temporal fascia front of helix of ear facial nerve [CNVII] pulls auricle forwards
auricularis superior epicranial aponeurosis dorsocranial surface of auricle posterior auricular artery pulls auricle upwards
auricularis posterior mastoid process of temporal bone, tendon of sternocleidomastoid dorsal part of auricle posterior auricular artery pulls auricle backwards
Muscles of inner ear
stapediustip of pyramid of middle earneck of stapesstapedial branch of posterior auricular arteryfacial nerve [CNVII]controls amplitude of sound waves to inner ear
tensor tympaniEustachian tubehandle of malleussuperior tympanic arterymedial pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3]tenses tympanic membrane

Nose

MuscleOriginInsertionArtery NerveActionAntagonist
procerus musclefascia over lower part of nasal boneskin of lower part of forehead between eyebrowsfacial artery buccal branch of facial nerve [CNVII]draws down medial angle of eyebrow (giving expressions of frowning)
depressor septi nasiincisive fossa of maxillanasal septum and back part of alar part of nasalissuperior labial arterydepresses nasal septum
levator labii superioris alaeque nasifrontal process of maxillanostril and upper lipsuperior labial arterydilates nostril, elevates upper lip, elevates wing of nose
nasalis
     transverse part

     (compressor naris)

 alveolar yoke of canine tooth lateral nasal cartilage superior labial artery buccal branch of facial nerve [CNVII] compresses nostrils
     alar part

     (dilator naris)

 alveolar yoke of lateral incisor tooth, greater and lesser alar cartilagesskin near margin of nostril dilates nostrils

Mouth

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
levator anguli oris
(caninus)		maxillamodiolus of mouthfacial arteryfacial nerve [CNVII]elevates angle of mouth (smile)
depressor anguli oris
(triangularis)		tubercle of mandiblemandibular branch of facial nerve [CNVII]depresses angle of mouth (frown)
levator labii superiorismedial part of infra-orbital margin of maxillaskin and muscle of upper lip (labii superioris)superior labial arterybuccal branch of facial nerve [CNVII]elevates upper lip
depressor labii inferiorisoblique line of mandible, between symphysis and mental foramenintegument of lower lip, orbicularis oris fibers, its fellow of opposite sideinferior labial arteryfacial nerve [CNVII]depresses lower lip
mentalisalveolar yoke of lower, lateral incisor tooth, found on anterior mandibleskin of chinmandibular branch of facial nerve [CNVII]elevates and wrinkles skin of chin, protrudes lower lip
buccinatoralveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphefibres of orbicularis orisbuccal arterybuccal branch of facial nerve [CNVII]compress cheeks against teeth (blowing), mastication
orbicularis orismaxilla and mandibleskin around lipssuperior labial artery, inferior labial arterypuckers lips
risoriusparotid fasciamodiolus of mouthfacial arterydraw back angle of mouth
Zygomatic muscles
     majorzygomatic bone in region of zygomaticomaxillary suturemodiolus of mouthfacial arterybuccal branch of facial nerve [CNVII]draws angle of mouth upward and laterally
     minorskin of upper lipelevates upper lip

Mastication

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
masseteranterior two-thirds of inferior margin of zygomatic arch and maxillaangle of mandible, masseteric tuberosity of mandiblemasseteric arterymasseteric nerve, from mandibular nerve [CNV3]elevates and retracts mandible (closes of mouth)platysma
temporalistemporal lines on parietal bone of skullcoronoid process of mandibledeep temporal arteriesmandibular nerve [CNV3]
Pterygoid muscles
     lateralgreater wing of sphenoid and lateral pterygoid processcondyloid process of mandiblepterygoid branches of maxillary arteryexternal pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3]depresses mandible
     medialdeep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind upper teeth
superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity		medial angle of mandiblemedial pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3]elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoid in moving jaw from side to side

Tongue

Extrinsic muscle

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
genioglossussuperior part of mental spine of mandible (symphysis menti)dorsum of tongue, body of hyoidlingual arteryhypoglossal nerve [CNXII]inferior fibers: protrudes tongue

middle fibers: depresses tongue

superior fibers: draws tip of tongue back and down
hyoglossushyoidside of tonguedepresses tongue
chondroglossuslesser cornu and body of hyoid boneintrinsic muscular fibers of tonguedepresses tongue (some consider this muscle to be part of hyoglossus)
styloglossusstyloid process of temporal bonetonguesublingual branch of lingual arteryelevates and retracts tongueinferior and middle fibers of genioglossus
palatoglossuspalatine aponeurosisvagus nerve [CNX], accessory nerve [CNXI]raising back part of tongue

Intrinsic

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
superior longitudinalclose to epiglottis, from median fibrous septumedges of tonguehypoglossal nerve [CNXII]shortens, turns tip upward, turns lateral margins upward
transversusmedian fibrous septumsides of tonguenarrows and not elongated
inferior longitudinalroot of tongueapex of tongueshortens, retracts, pulls tip downward
verticalisdorsum of tongueinferior surface borders of tongue

Soft palate

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
tensor veli palatinimedial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bonepalatine aponeurosismedial pterygoid of mandibular nervemedial pterygoid nerve from mandibular nerve [CNV3]tenses soft palate, aids in swallowing
musculus uvulaehard palatepharyngeal plexuspharyngeal branch of vagus nerve [CNX]moves and changes shape of uvula
palatoglossuspalatine aponeurosistonguevagus nerve [CNX], accessory nerve [CNXI]aids in breathing by raising back part of tongue
palatopharyngeuspalatine aponeurosis and hard palateupper border of thyroid cartilage (blends with constrictor fibers)facial arteryaids in breathing by pulling pharynx and larynx

Pharynx

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
stylopharyngeusstyloid process of temporal bonethyroid cartilage (pharynx)pharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal arteryglossopharyngeal nerve [CNIX]elevates larynx, elevates pharynx, swallowing
salpingopharyngeuscartilage of Eustachian tubeposterior fasciculus of pharyngopalatinusvagus nerve [CNX], accessory nerve [CNXI]raises nasopharynx
Pharyngeal muscles
     inferiorcricoid and thyroid cartilagepharyngeal raphepharyngeal branches of ascending pharyngeal arteryexternal laryngeal branch of vagus nerve [CNX]swallowing
     middlehyoid bonevagus nerve [CNX]
     superiormedial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphé, alveolar processpharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle

Larynx

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
cricothyroidanterior and lateral cricoid cartilageinferior cornu and lamina of thyroid cartilagecricothyroid branch of superior thyroid arteryexternal laryngeal branch of vagus nerve [CNX]tenses and elongates vocal folds (has minor adductory effect)
arytenoidarytenoid cartilage on one sidearytenoid cartilage on opposite sidesuperior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid arteryrecurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve [CNX]approximates arytenoid cartilages (closes rima glottidis)
thyroarytenoidinner surface of thyroid cartilage (anterior surface)anterior surface of arytenoid cartilagethickens vocal folds and decreases length; adducts vocal folds during speech
Cricoarytenoid muscles
     posteriorposterior part of cricoid cartilagemuscular process of arytenoid cartilagerecurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve [CNX]abducts and laterally rotates cartilage, pulling vocal ligaments away from midline and forward and so opening rima glottidislateral cricoarytenoid
     laterallateral part of arch of cricoid cartilageadducts and medially rotates cartilage, pulling vocal ligaments towards midline and backwards and so closing rima glottidis

Neck

Clavicular

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
platysmabase of mandibleinferior clavicle and fascia of chestbranches of submental artery, branches of suprascapular arterycervical branch of facial nerve [CNVII]tenses skin of neckmasseter, temporalis
sternocleidomastoidsternal head: manubrium sterni

clavicular head: medial portion of clavicle

 mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal lineoccipital artery, superior thyroid arterymotor: accessory nerve
sensory: cervical plexus		acting alone: tilts head to its own side, rotates head so face is turned towards opposite side acting together: flexes neck, raises sternum, assists in forced inspiration

Suprahyoid

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
digastricanterior belly: digastric fossa (mandible)

posterior belly: mastoid process of temporal bone

 intermediate tendon (lesser horn of hyoid bone)anterior belly: submental branch of facial artery

posterior belly: occipital artery

 anterior belly: mandibular nerve [CNV3] via mylohyoid nerve

posterior belly: facial nerve [CNVII]

 opens jaw when masseter and temporalis are relaxed
stylohyoidstyloid process of temporal bonegreater horn of hyoid boneoccipital arteryfacial nerve [CNVII]elevates hyoid during swallowing
mylohyoidmylohyoid line of mandiblepharyngeal raphemylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar arterymylohyoid nerve, from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [CNV3]raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible
geniohyoidmandibular symphysisanterior surface of body of hyoid boneC1 via hypoglossal nerveelevates hyoid and tongue upward during deglutition

Infrahyoid

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
sternohyoidmanubrium of sternumhyoid bonesuperior thyroid arteryansa cervicalisdepresses hyoid
sternothyroidthyroid cartilagedepresses larynx, may slightly depress hyoid
thyrohyoidthyroid cartilagehyoid boneC1depress hyoid
omohyoidupper border of scapulainferior thyroid arteryansa cervicalisdepresses larynx, depresses and moves to side hyoid

Neck

Anterior

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
longus collitransverse processes of vertebrae C3, C4, C5, and C6anterior arch of atlasC2, C3, C4, C5, C6flexes neck and head
longus capitisanterior tubercles of transverse processes of vertebrae C3, C4, C5, and C6basilar part of occipital boneC1, C2, C3/C4flexes neck at atlanto-occipital joint
rectus capitis anterioratlasoccipital boneC1
rectus capitis lateralisupper surface of transverse process of atlasunder surface of jugular process of occipital bonesidebens at atlanto-occipital joint

Lateral

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
scalenecervical vertebraefirst and second ribsascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery)cervical nerves (C3, C4, C5, C6, C7)elevates 1st and 2nd rib
     anteriorC3-C6first ribventral ramus of C5, C6when neck is fixed, elevates first rib to aid in breathing or when rib is fixed, bends neck forward and sideways and rotates it to opposite side
     mediusC2-C6ventral rami of third to eighth cervical spinal nerveselevates 1st rib, rotate neck to opposite side
     posteriortransverse processes of C4 – C6second ribascending cervical artery, superficial cervical arteryC6, C7, C8elevates 2nd rib, tilts neck to same side
levator scapulaeposterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 – C4superior part of medial border of scapuladorsal scapular arterycervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)elevates scapula, tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapulaserratus anterior
rectus capitis lateralisupper surface of transverse process of atlas (C1)under surface of jugular process of occipital boneC1
obliquus capitis superiorlateral mass of atlaslateral half of inferior nuchal linesuboccipital nerve
obliquus capitis inferiorspinous process of axislateral mass of atlassuboccipital nerve

Posterior

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
rectus capitis posterior minortubercle on posterior arch of atlas (C1)medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone and surface between it and foramen magnuma branch of dorsal primary division of suboccipital nerveextends head at neck, but is now considered to be more of a sensory organ than a muscle
rectus capitis posterior majorspinous process of axis (C2)inferior nucheal line of occipital bonedorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve)
semispinalis capitisarticular processes of C4-C6; transverse processes of C7 and T1-T7occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal linesgreater occipital nerveextends head
longissimus capitisarticular processes of C4-C7; transverse processes of T1-T5posterior margin of mastoid processlateral sacral arteryposterior branch of spinal nervelaterally: Flexes head and neck to same side. bilaterally: Extend vertebral column
splenius capitisligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T6mastoid processC3, C4extends, rotates, and laterally flex head
obliquus capitis superiorlateral mass of atlaslateral half of inferior nuchal linesuboccipital nerve
obliquus capitis inferiorspinous process of axislateral mass of atlas

Torso

Back

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
erector spinaespines of last four thoracic vertebraeboth spines of most cranial thoracic vertebrae and cervical vertebraelateral sacral arteryposterior branch of spinal nerveextends vertebral columnrectus abdominis
     iliocostalis
     longissimustransverse processtransverse process
     spinalisspinous processspinous process
latissimus dorsispinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribsfloor of intertubercular groove of humerussubscapular artery, dorsal scapular arterythoracodorsal nervepulls forelimb dorsally and caudallydeltoid, trapezius
transversospinalestransverse processspinous processposterior branches of spinal nerve
     semispinalis thoracis
(dorsi)		transverse processes of sixth to tenth thoracic vertebraespinous processes of upper four thoracic vertebrae and lower two cervical vertebrae
     semispinalis cervicis
(colli)		transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebraecervical spinous processes, from axis to fifth
     semispinalis capitis
(complexus)		transversal process of lower cervical and higher thoracal columnaarea between superior and inferior nuchal linegreater occipital nerveextends head
     multifidussacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, PSIS, and iliac crestspinous processposterior branch of spinal nervestabilizes vertebrae in local movements of vertebral column
     rotatorestransverse processposterior branch
interspinalesspinous processposterior rami of spinal nervesextends, flexes, and rotates vertebral column
intertransversariitransverse processtransverse process abovelaterally flexes trunk
splenius
     capitisnuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T6mastoid process of temporal bone, occipital boneC3, C4extends, rotates, and laterally flexes head
     cervicisspinous processes of T3-T6transverse processes of C1, C2, C3C5, C6

Chest

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
intercostalsribs 1–11ribs 2–12intercostal arteriesintercostal nerves
     externalinhalationinternal
     internalrib – inferior borderrib – superior borderholds ribs steadyexternal
     innermostelevates ribs
subcostalesinner surface of one ribinner surface of second or third rib above, near its angle
transversus thoraciscostal cartilages of last 3–4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid processribs/costal cartilages 2–6depresses ribs
levatores costarumtransverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebraesuperior surfaces of ribs immediately inferior to preceding vertebraedorsal rami – C8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11assists in elevation of thoracic rib cage
Serratus posterior muscles
     inferiorvertebrae T11 – L3inferior borders of 9th through 12th ribsintercostal arteriesintercostal nervesdepresses lower ribs, aiding in expiration
     superiornuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and spinous processes of vertebrae C7 through T3upper borders of 2nd through 5th ribs2nd through 5th intercostal nerveselevates ribs, aiding in inspiration
diaphragmpericardiacophrenic artery, musculophrenic artery, inferior phrenic arteriesphrenic and lower intercostal nervesbreathing

Pelvis

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
coccygeussacrospinous ligamentcoccyxsacral nerves: S4, S5 or S3-S4closes back part of pelvic outlet
Levator ani
     iliococcygeusischial spine, posterior part of tendinous arch of pelvic fasciacoccyx and anococcygeal rapheinferior gluteal arterylevator ani nerve (S4) supports organs in pelvic cavity
     pubococcygeusback surface of pubis, anterior part of obturator fasciacoccyx and sacrumcontrols urine flow, contracts during orgasm
     puborectalislower part of pubic symphysis-S3, S4. levator ani nerveinhibits defecation

Perineum

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
Sphincter ani
     externus--inferior rectal arteryS4 and twigs from inferior anal nerves of pudendal nervekeeps anal canal and anus closed, aids in expulsion of feces
     internus--pudendal nerve
Superficial perineal pouch
     transversus perinei superficialisanterior surface of ischial tuberositycentral point of perineumperineal arterypudendal nerve
     bulbospongiosusperineal raphe-empties urethra (men) clenches vagina (women)
     ischiocavernosusischial tuberositycrus of penis (men)

crus of clitoris (women)

 assists bulbospongiosus
Deep perineal pouch
     transversus perinei profundusinferior ramus of ischiumits fellow of opposite sidepudendal nerve
     sphincter urethrae membranaceaejunction of inferior rami of pubis and ischium about 1.25 – 2 cm, and from neighboring fasciaperineal branch of pudendal nerve (S2, S3, S4)constricts urethra, maintains urinary continence

Upper limb

Vertebral column

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
trapeziusdown midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapulatransverse cervical arterymotor: accessory nerve [CNXI]

sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4

 retracts and elevates scapulaserratus anterior
latissimus dorsispinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribsfloor of intertubercular groove of humerussubscapular artery, dorsal scapular arterythoracodorsal nervepulls forelimb dorsally and caudallydeltoid, trapezius
rhomboidsnuchal ligaments, spinous processes of C7-T5 vertebraemedial border of scapuladorsal scapular arterydorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)retracts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wallserratus anterior
     rhomboid majorspinous processes of T2 to T5 vertebraemedial border of scapula, inferior to insertion of rhomboid minor
     rhomboid minornuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7- to T1 vertebraemedial border of scapula, superior to insertion of rhomboid major
levator scapulaeposterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 – C4 vertebraesuperior part of medial border of scapulacervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)elevates scapula, tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

Thoracic walls

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
pectoralis majorclavicular head: anterior surface of medial half of clavicle sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilagesintertubercular groove of humeruspectoral branch of thoracoacromial arterylateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve clavicular head: C5 and C6 sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1adducts and medially rotates humerus, draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly clavicular head: flexes humerus sternocostal head: extends humerus
pectoralis minor3rd to 5th ribs, near their costal cartilagesmedial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapulamedial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall
subclaviusfirst ribsubclavian groove of claviclethoracoacromial artery, clavicular branchsubclavian nervedepresses clavicle
serratus anteriorfleshy slips from outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribscostal surface of medial margin of scapulaupper part: lateral thoracic artery

lower part:thoracodorsal artery

 long thoracic nerve (from roots of brachial plexus C5, C6, C7)protracts and stabilises scapula, assists in upward rotationrhomboid major, rhomboid minor, trapezius

Shoulder

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
deltoidclavicle, acromion, spine of scapuladeltoid tuberosity of humerusprimarily posterior circumflex humeral arteryaxillary nerveabducts, flexes, and extends shoulderlatissimus dorsi
teres majorposterior surface of inferior angle of scapulamedial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerussubscapular artery, circumflex scapular arterylower subscapular nerve (segmental levels C5 and C6)internally rotates humerus
Rotator cuff
supraspinatussupraspinous fossa of scapulasuperior facet of greater tubercle of humerussuprascapular arterysuprascapular nerveabducts and stabilises humerusinfraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
infraspinatusinfraspinous fossa of scapulamiddle facet of greater tubercle of humerussuprascapular artery, circumflex scapular arterylaterally rotates, adducts, and stabilises humerussubscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
teres minorlateral border of scapulainferior facet of greater tubercle of humerusposterior circumflex humeral artery, circumflex scapular arteryaxillary nervelaterally rotates and adducts humerussubscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
subscapularissubscapular fossa of scapulalesser tubercle of humerussubscapular arteryupper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)medially rotates humerus, stabilizes shoulderinfraspinatus, teres minor

Arm

Anterior compartment

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
coracobrachialiscoracoid process of scapulamedial surface of humerusbrachial arterymusculocutaneous nerveflexes and adducts shoulder
biceps brachiishort head: coracoid process of scapula
long head: supraglenoid tubercle		radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosismusculocutaneous nerve (lateral cord: C5, C6, C7)flexes elbow, supinates forearmtriceps brachii
brachialisanterior surface of humerus (mainly distal half)coronoid process of ulna, tuberosity of ulnaradial recurrent arterymusculocutaneous nerveflexes elbow

Posterior compartment

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
triceps brachiilong head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
lateral head: posterior humerus (above radial sulcus)
medial head: posterior humerus - (below radial sulcus)		olecranon of ulnadeep artery of armradial nerveextends forearm

long head: adducts shoulder medial head: does not function at shoulder

 biceps brachii, brachialis
anconeuslateral epicondyle of humeruslateral surface of olecranon, superior part of posterior ulnadeep artery of arm, interosseous recurrent arteryradial nerve (C7, C8, and T1)partly blended with triceps, extendsforearm, stabilises elbow, abducts ulna during pronation

Forearm

Anterior compartment

Superficial
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
pronator tereshumeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna		pronator tuberosity of radiusulnar artery, radial arterymedian nervepronates forearm, flexes elbowsupinator
flexor carpi radialismedial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)bases of second metacarpal, base of third metacarpalradial arteryflexes and abducts wristextensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus
palmaris longuspalmar aponeurosisulnar arteryflexes wristextensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi ulnaris
flexor carpi ulnarispisiform, hook of hamate, base of fifth metacarpalmuscular branches of ulnar nerveflexes and adducts wristextensor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum superficialismedial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon), parts of radius and ulnabases of middle phalanges 2, 3, 4, and 5median nerveflexes fingers (primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints)extensor digitorum
Deep
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
pronator quadratusmedial anterior surface of ulnalateral anterior surface of radiusanterior interosseous arteryanterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)weakly pronates forearmsupinator
flexor digitorum profundusulnadistal phalangeslateral belly: anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve)

medial belly: muscular branches of ulna nerve

 flexes wrist, flexes interphalangeal jointsextensor digitorum
flexor pollicis longusmiddle half of volar surface of radius, interosseus membranebase of distal phalanx of thumbanterior interosseous nerve (median nerve) (C8, T1)flexes thumbextensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis

Posterior compartment

Superficial
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
extensor digitorumlateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)2nd–5th phalangesposterior interosseous arteryposterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)extends hand, extends fingersflexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus
extensor digiti minimianterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)extensor expansion, located at base of proximal phalanx on dorsal sideextends little finger at all jointsflexor digiti minimi brevis
extensor carpi ulnarislateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon), ulna5th metacarpalulnar arteryextends and adducts wristflexor carpi ulnaris
Mobile wad
     brachioradialislateral supracondylar ridge of humerusradial styloid process (distal radius)radial recurrent arteryradial nerveflexes forearm, pronates forearm when supine, supinates forearm when prone
     extensor carpi radialis longus2nd metacarpalradial arteryextends wrist joint, abducts hand at wristflexor carpi radialis
     extensor carpi radialis brevisanterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)base of 3rd metacarpalposterior interosseus nerve
Deep
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
supinatorlateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest of ulna, radial collateral ligament, annular ligamentlateral proximal shaft of radiusradial recurrent arteryposterior interosseus nerve (C7, C8)supinates forearmpronator teres, pronator quadratus
extensor indicisulnaindex finger (extensor hood)extends index finger, wrist
Anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longusulnafirst metacarpalposterior interosseous arteryposterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)abducts and extends thumbadductor pollicis
extensor pollicis brevisradius, interosseous membrane of forearmproximal phalanx of thumbextends thumb at metacarpophalangeal jointflexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis
     extensor pollicis longusulna, interosseous membrane of forearmdistal phalanx of thumbextends thumb (metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal)

Hand

Lateral volar

Thenar
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
opponens pollicistrapezium, transverse carpal ligamentmetacarpal bone of thumb on its radial sidesuperficial palmar archmedian nerveopposes thumb
flexor pollicis brevistrapezoid, flexor retinaculumthumb, proximal phalanxmedian nerve, deep branch of ulnar nerve (medial head)flexes thumbextensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevisflexor retinaculum of hand, scaphoid and trapeziumradial base of proximal phalanx of thumb and thumb extensorsmedian nerveabducts thumbadductor pollicis
adductor pollicistransverse head: anterior body of third metacarpal
oblique head: bases of second and third metacarpals and adjacent trapezoid and capitate bones		medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb and ulnar sesamoiddeep palmar archdeep branch of ulnar nerve (T1)adducts thumb at carpometacarpal jointabductor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis brevis

Medial volar

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
palmaris brevisflexor retinaculum (medial), palmar aponeurosispalmpalmar metacarpal arterysuperficial branch of ulnar nervewrinkle skin of palm
hypothenar
     abductor digiti minimipisiformbase of proximal phalanx of 5th digit on ulnar or medial sideulnar arterydeep branch of ulnar nerveabducts little finger
     flexor digiti minimi brevishamate bonelittle fingerdeep branch of ulnar nerveflexes little fingerextensor digiti minimi
     opponens digiti minimihook of hamate, flexor retinaculummedial border of 5th metacarpaldeep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1)draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb

Intermediate

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
lumbricalflexor digitorum profundusextensor expansionsuperficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital arterydeep branch of ulnar nerve, median nerveflex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints
dorsal interosseimetacarpalsproximal phalangesdorsal metacarpal artery, palmar metacarpal arterydeep branch of ulnar nerveabduct fingerspalmar interossei
palmar interosseipalmar metacarpal arteryadduct fingersdorsal interossei

Lower limb

Iliac region

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
iliopsoasiliac fossa (iliacus), sacrum (iliacus), spine (T12, L1, lumbar vertebra, psoas major, psoas minor)[6]lesser trochanter of femur (psoas major), shaft below lesser trochanter (iliacus), tendon of psoas major & femur (iliacus)[6]medial femoral circumflex artery, iliolumbar arteryfemoral nerve, lumbar nerves L1, L2flexes hip (psoas major/minor, iliacus), spine rotation (psoas major/minor)gluteus maximus, posterior compartment of thigh
     psoas majortransverse processes, bodies and intervertebral discs of T12-L5 vertebraelesser trochanter of femuriliolumbar arterylumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1, L2, L3[7] flexes and rotates laterally thighgluteus maximus
     psoas minorside of T11+L1 and IV intervertebral discPectineal line and iliopectineal eminenceiliolumbar artery, lumbar arteriesL1weakly flexes trunk flexor
     iliacusiliac fossalesser trochanter of femurmedial femoral circumflex artery, Iliolumbar arteryfemoral nerve (L2, L3[7])flexes hip[8]

Gluteal

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
tensor fasciae lataeiliac crestiliotibial tractprimarily lateral circumflex femoral artery, superior gluteal arterysuperior gluteal nerve (L4, L5)flexes thigh, medially rotates thigh, stabilises torso
gluteal
     gluteus maximusgluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligamentgluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tractsuperior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal arteryinferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2 nerve roots)externally rotates and extends hip joint, supports extended knee through iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sittingIliacus, psoas major, psoas minor
     gluteus mediusgluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus maximusgreater trochanter of femursuperior gluteal arterysuperior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1 nerve roots)abduction of hip; preventing adduction of hip Medial rotation of thighlateral rotator group
     gluteus minimusgluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus medius
lateral rotator groupat or below acetabulum of iliumon or near greater trochanter of femurinferior gluteal artery, lateral sacral artery, superior gluteal arteryobturator nerve, piriformis nerve, nerve to quadratus femorislaterally rotates hipgluteus minimus, gluteus medius
     piriformissacrumgreater trochanterpiriformis nerve (S1 and S2 nerve roots)[9]laterally rotates (outward) thigh
     obturator externusobturator foramen and obturatory membranemedial surface of greater trochanter of femurobturator arteryposterior branch of obturator nerve (L3, L4)adduct thigh, rotate laterally thigh
superior gemellusischial spine nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)
     obturator internusischiopubic ramus, obturator membranemedial surface of greater trochanter of femurabducts & rotates laterally thigh, stabilises hip during walking
     inferior gemellusischial tuberosityobturator internus tendonnerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)laterally rotates thigh
     quadratus femorisintertrochanteric crestinferior gluteal artery

Thigh

Anterior compartment

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
articularis genusfemursuprapatellar bursafemoral arteryfemoral nervepulls suprapatellar bursa during extension of knee
sartoriussuperior to anterior superior iliac spinemedial side of upper tibia in pes anserinusflexes, laterally rotates, and abducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
quadriceps femoriscombined rectus femoris and vastus musclespatella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendonextends knee, flexes hip (rectus femoris only)hamstring
     rectus femorisanterior inferior iliac spine and exterior surface of bony ridge which forms iliac portion of acetabulumknee extension; hip flexion
     vastus lateralisgreater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, and linea aspera of femurextends knee
     vastus intermediusanterior surface of femur
     vastus medialisanteromedial surface of femur

Posterior compartment/hamstring

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
hamstring quadriceps femoris
biceps femorislong head: ischial tuberosity

short head: linea aspera of femur[10]

 head of fibula[10] articulating with back of lateral tibial condyleinferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal arterylong head: medial (tibial) part of sciatic nerve

short head: lateral (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve[10]

 flexes knee joint, laterally rotates leg at knee (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only)[10]
semitendinosusischial tuberosity[10]pes anserinusinferior gluteal artery, perforating arteriessciatic nerve[10] (tibial, L5, S1, S2)flexes knee, extends hip, medially rotates leg at knee[10]
semimembranosusmedial surface of tibia[10]profunda femoris, gluteal arterysciatic nerve[10]

Medial compartment

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
adductor muscles of the hippubisfemur, tibiaobturator arteryobturator nerveadducts hipgluteus medius, gluteus minimus
     gracilisinferior pubic ramus[11]tibia (pes anserinus)anterior branch of obturator nerve[11]adducts hip, flexes hip, medially rotates knee[11]
     pectineussuperior pubic ramus[11]lesser trochanter, linea asperafemoral nerve and obturator nerve (medial compartment)[11]flexes and adducts hip[11]
     adductor brevisanterior surface of inferior pubic ramus[11]lesser trochanter and linea aspera of femuranterior branch of obturator nerve[11]adducts hip[11]
     adductor longuspubic body just below pubic crestmiddle third of linea asperaadducts and medially rotates hip[11]
     adductor magnus[11]femur, adductor tubercle of femurposterior branch of obturator nerve (adductor) and tibial part of sciatic nerve (vertical head)[11][12]adducts hip[11]

Leg

Anterior compartment

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
tibialis anteriorbody of tibiamedial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of footanterior tibial arterydeep fibular nervedorsiflexes and inverts footfibularis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior
extensor hallucis longusmiddle portion of anterior surface of fibula, anterior surface of interosseous membranedorsal side of base of distal phalanx of halluxextends big toe, assists in dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, weakly inverts footflexor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis brevis
extensor digitorum longuslateral condyle of tibia, superior ¾ of interosseous membranemiddle and distal phalanges of lateral four digitsextension of toes and ankleflexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis
fibularis tertiusdistal anterior surface of fibuladorsal surface of fifth metatarsaldorsi flexes and everts foot

Posterior compartment

Superficial
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
triceps suraeachilles tendon, calcaneusposterior tibial arterytibial nerveplantarflexes ankle
     gastrocnemiusmedial condyle and lateral condyle of femurcalcaneussural arteriestibial nerve from sciatic nerve, specifically, nerve roots S1, S2plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee (minor)tibialis anterior
     soleusfibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line)tendo calcaneustibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2plantarflexes ankle
plantarislateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemiuscalcaneal tendon (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon)tibial nerveplantarflexes ankle, flexes knee
Deep
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
popliteusmiddle facet of lateral surface of lateral femoral condyleposterior tibia under tibial condylespopliteal arterytibial nervemedially rotates and flexes knee
tarsal tunnel
     flexor hallucis longusposterior surface of upper 1/3 of fibulabase of distal phalanx of halluxfibular artery (peroneal branch of posterior tibial arterytibial nerve, S1, S2 nerve rootsflexes all joints of big toe, plantarflexes ankleextensor hallucis longus
     flexor digitorum longusmedial tibiadistal phalanges of lateral four digitsposterior tibial arterytibial nerveflexes toesextensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis
     tibialis posteriortibia, fibulanavicular, medial cuneiforminverts foot, plantarflexes foot at ankletibialis anterior

Lateral compartment

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
fibularis longusfibulafirst metatarsal, medial cuneiformfibular arterysuperficial fibular nerveplantarflexes and everts ankletibialis anterior
fibularis brevisfibulafifth metatarsalfibular arterysuperficial fibular nerveplantarflexes and everts ankletibialis posterior

Dorsal

MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
extensor digitorum breviscalcaneustoesdeep fibular nerveextends digits 2, 3, and 4flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevisbase of proximal phalanx of big toedeep fibular nerveextends big toeflexor hallucis brevis
dorsal interossei of footmetatarsalsproximal phalangeslateral plantar nerve(fourth interosseous space: superficial branch others: deep branch), first and second interossei: lateral branch of deep fibular nerveabducts toesplantar interossei

Plantar

First layer
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
abductor hallucismedial process of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosismedial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digitmedial plantar nerveabducts halluxadductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevismedial process of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septamiddle phalanges of digits 2–5flexes lateral four toesextensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimiplantar aponeurosisphalanges of fifth toelateral plantar arterylateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)flexes and abducts fifth toeflexor digiti minimi brevis
Second layer
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
quadratus plantaecalcaneustendons of flexor digitorum longuslateral plantar nerve (S1, S2)flexes distal interphalangeal joints (assists flexor digitorum longus)
lumbricalstendons of flexor digitorum longusmedial surface of extensor expansion of proximal phalanges of lateral four toeslateral plantar artery, plantar arch, four plantar metatarsal arterieslateral plantar nerve (lateral three lumbricals) and medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical)maintain extension of digits at interphalangeal joints
Third layer
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
flexor hallucis brevisplantar surface of cuneiforms, plantar calcaneocuboid ligament, long plantar ligament medial head: medial sesamoid bone of metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of great toe

lateral head: lateral sesamoid bone of metatarsophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of great toe

 medial plantar nerveflexes big toeextensor hallucis longus
adductor hallucisoblique head: proximal ends of middle 3 metatarsals

transverse head: metatarsophalangeal joints, ligaments of lateral 3 toes

 lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe, sesamoidlateral plantar nerveadducts big toeabductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevisfifth metatarsal bonephalanx of fifth toelateral plantar nerve (superficial branch)extends and adducts fifth toeabductor digiti minimi
Fourth layer
MuscleOriginInsertionArteryNerveActionAntagonist
plantar interosseitendons of plantar Interosseiproximal phalanges III-V - muscles cross the metatarsophalangeal joint of toes III-V so the insertions correspond with the origin and there is no crossing between toesplantar arch, dorsal metatarsal arterylateral plantar nerveadducts toes 3 - 5, strengthens transverse archdorsal interossei
dorsal interosseimetatarsalsproximal phalangeslateral plantar nerveabducts toesplantar interossei

Innervation overview

Mind Map showing a summary of Upper Limb Muscle Innervation
Mind Map Showing a summary of Lower Limb Muscle innervation

See also

References

  1. ↑ Science Reference Section (19 November 2019). "What is the strongest muscle in the human body?". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2021-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ Brooks, Susan V. (2003-12-01). "Current topics for teaching skeletal muscle physiology". Advances in Physiology Education. 27 (1–4): 171–182. doi:10.1152/advan.00025.2003. ISSN 1043-4046. PMID 14627615.
  3. ↑ John., Stewart, Gregory (2009). "Chapter 8: Skeletal muscles". The skeletal and muscular systems. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 9781604133653. OCLC 277118444.
  4. ↑ de las Peñas, César Fernández; Ge, Hong-You; Arendt-Nielsen, Lars; Dommerholt, Jan; Simons, David G. (2011). "Chapter 32 - Referred pain from muscle/myofascial trigger points". Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 404–418. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00032-7. ISBN 978-0-7020-3528-9.
  5. ↑ Sarnat, Harvey B.; Carpenter, Stirling (2015). "Chapter 4 - Muscle Biopsy for Diagnosis of Neuromuscular and Metabolic Diseases". Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 46–65. ISBN 978-0-12-417044-5.
  6. 1 2 "Iliopsoas". exrx.net.
  7. 1 2 Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 193
  8. ↑ Gosling, J. A., Harris, P. F., Humpherson, J. R., Whitmore I., & Willan P. L. T. 2008. Human Anatomy Color Atlas and Text Book. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. page 200
  9. ↑ Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 217
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gosling 2008, p. 273
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Gosling et al. 2008, p. 266
  12. ↑ MedicalMnemonics.com: 255
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