Podoviridae

Podoviridae
Typical structure of a podovirus
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Duplodnaviria
Kingdom: Heunggongvirae
Phylum: Uroviricota
Class: Caudoviricetes
Order: Caudovirales
Family: Podoviridae
Subfamilies and genera

see text

Podoviridae is a family of viruses in the order Caudovirales. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are 130 species in this family, assigned to 3 subfamilies and 52 genera.[1][2] This family is characterized by having very short, noncontractile tails.

Structure

Electron micrograph of podovirus ΦCP7R of Clostridium perfringens.
Genomes of some podoviruses of Clostridium perfringens

Viruses in Podoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and head-tail geometries. The diameter is around 60 nm,[1] and consists of 72 capsomers. The head protein has a molecular mass of ~38 kiloDaltons and is present in 460 copies per virion. There are 9 structural proteins. The tail is non-contractile and has 6 short subterminal fibers. It is thick and rod-shaped and built of stacked disks. The maximum length is ~17 nm.

The double stranded DNA genome is linear, around 40-42kb in length,[1] and encodes ~55 genes. The guanine + cytosine content is ~50%. It has terminally redundant sequences and is nonpermuted. By weight, the genome constitutes ~50% of the viron. The genome encodes 9 structural proteins, an adenylated transferase B type DNA polymerase and an RNA polymerase. Three internal proteins constitute the polymerase complex. Two classes of genes are recognized (early and late). This classification is based on the timing of transcription that is temporally regulated. Genes with related functions are clustered together. Genome replication is bidirectional.

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and holin/endolysin/spanin proteins. Bacteria serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.[1]

Taxonomy

Genera within this family have ~40% homology between corresponding proteins. Subfamilies have ~20% homology between corresponding proteins.

The following subfamilies and their genera are recognized (-virinae denotes subfamily and -virus denotes genus):[2]

  • Beephvirinae
    • Flowerpowervirus
    • Immanueltrevirus
    • Manuelvirus
  • Eekayvirinae
    • Akonivirus
    • Tinytimothyvirus
  • Sepvirinae
    • Diegovirus
    • Oslovirus
    • Traversvirus

The following genera are not assigned to a subfamily:[2]

  • Anjalivirus
  • Astrithrvirus
  • Badaztecvirus
  • Bjornvirus
  • Bruynoghevirus
  • Burrovirus
  • Chopinvirus
  • Cimandefvirus
  • Delislevirus
  • Dybvigvirus
  • Enhodamvirus
  • Enquatrovirus
  • Fipvunavirus
  • Firingavirus
  • Gervaisevirus
  • Giessenvirus
  • Hollowayvirus
  • Jasminevirus
  • Kafunavirus
  • Kelquatrovirus
  • Kochitakasuvirus
  • Kozyakovvirus
  • Krylovvirus
  • Kuravirus
  • Lahexavirus
  • Lastavirus
  • Lederbergvirus
  • Lessievirus
  • Lightbulbvirus
  • Myxoctovirus
  • Pagevirus
  • Parlovirus
  • Perisivirus
  • Privateervirus
  • Rauchvirus
  • Ryyoungvirus
  • Schmidvirus
  • Sendosyvirus
  • Skarprettervirus
  • Sortsnevirus
  • Uetakevirus
  • Vicosavirus
  • Wumpquatrovirus
  • Wumptrevirus
  • Xuquatrovirus

Lastly, the species Pseudomonas virus 119X is unassigned to a genus or subfamily.[2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
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