How to Use Gym Equipment

Reps, sets, and sessions: Just like with weight machines, aim to do 3 sets of 10 reps (repetitions) for each free weight exercise. If you can’t lower and lift the bar 10 times during a bench press set, for example, cut back on the weight until you can. If you can easily lift it 15 or 20 times, add some weight.^[13]

• Whether you’re doing only free weights, only weight machines, or both, a typical strength training session should run around 30-60 minutes. Plan to do 2-3 sessions per week, with at least 48 hours of rest between sessions.

Bench presses: Start with just the bar, which typically weighs between 33 and 45 lb (15 and 20 kg), or add limited weight so you can focus on your technique.^[14] Choose an attentive “spotter,” a helper for lifting the bar off the rack, putting the bar back on the back, counting your reps, and giving encouragement. Lie flat on your back and grip the bar at slightly beyond shoulder width with your arms nearly fully extended. Lift the bar off the rack with your spotter’s guidance, then slowly bend your elbows, lower the bar to your chest, and extend your elbows to raise the bar back to the starting point.^[15]

• Don’t arch your back—keep it flat on the bench. Move slowly and deliberately so you keep your arms (and the bar) even and balanced. Your spotter should be ready to help you as needed!
• As you get more comfortable with the bench press, you can try widening and narrowing your grip to target specific muscle groups.

Squats: Perfect your technique with body-weight squats before adding weights.^[16] Start by standing with your feet at shoulder width and your toes turned outward between 5 and 30 degrees. Keep your feet flat on the floor and your chest puffed out. Engage your core, bend your knees, and push your hips back as you slowly lower your body until your thighs are parallel to the floor. Pause for a moment, then reverse the process to return to the starting position.^[17]

• When you’re ready to add weight, start by holding a pair of dumbbells in front of your shoulders. Hold them steady throughout the process.
• Wait until you’re fully confident in your technique before advancing to barbell squats (with the bar behind your head). Grasp the bar with both hands and keep it in contact with the back of your shoulders throughout the process. Use a spotter!

Biceps curls:^[18] Stand upright with your feet at shoulder width and the dumbbells in your hands resting against the sides of your legs. Bend your elbows very slightly and face your palms forward. Keep your legs and upper body steady and engage your core as you bend your elbows and raise the dumbbells to your shoulders, pause for a moment, and slowly lower them to the starting position.^[19]

• Or, raise 1 dumbbell at a time, alternating arms with each rep throughout your set.
• Go slowly and pause at the top and bottom of the maneuver so you don’t use the momentum of your swinging arms.
• Keep your elbows tucked against (or in close proximity to) your sides.

Triceps dips: If your gym has parallel bars, try this classic triceps dip using only your body weight at first. Stand with the parallel bars at your sides, grip them firmly, and lift yourself up until your arms are locked. Your arms and upper body should be straight and parallel. Bend your knees at 90-degree angles and cross one ankle over the other. Dip down, keeping your body straight, until your elbows are at about 90-degree angles. Repeat to complete your set.^[20]

• When you’re ready, attach a weight plate securely to a properly-fitted weight belt—get help from a staff member if you’re new to using them. Start with a very light weight, such as 5–10 lb (2.3–4.5 kg). Use the same technique as with a body-weight dip.
• If your gym doesn’t have parallel bars, there are triceps dip variations that require nothing more than a bench. The parallel bars dip, however, especially with a reasonable weight added, provides the most complete workout.

Barbell rows: Add a limited amount of weight to the bar, since it’s critical that you’re able to maintain good technique during barbell rows. Stand with the bar on the floor about 1 ft (30 cm) in front of you. With your feet shoulder-width apart, bend your knees slightly and bend over at the waist. Grip the bar securely with both hands, palms down. Engage your core, squeeze your shoulders, and lift the bar straight up until it touches your chest. Look straight ahead and keep everything but your arms still. Slowly lower the bar and repeat.^[21]

• Use slow, steady motions. Don’t jerk the bar upward or arch your back. If you feel any back pain, stop, take a break, and try using less weight during your next workout session.

Lateral arm raises: Stand straight up with your feet at hip-width and a dumbbell in each hand, resting at or near your hips. Engage your core and keep your back and arms straight as you steadily lift your arms out to your sides simultaneously until they’re parallel with the floor. After a momentary pause, steadily lower your arms back to the starting position, then repeat.^[22]

• Do not flap your arms wildly or thrust your shoulders back. Maintain a steady, controlled motion throughout and keep your legs, core, and head still.
• Don’t start out by using heavy dumbbells! Use lighter weights so you can maintain your form and perfect your technique, then slowly increase the weight.

Workout frequency: The average adult should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise per week. That means that using a treadmill, stair climber, or elliptical machine for 20-30 minutes, 3-4 times per week will put you well on your way to reaching your goal!^[23]

• Exercise is considered moderate intensity if you’re breathing hard enough that you can’t sing a song, but you can still carry on a conversation.
• Each minute of high-intensity exercise (when you’re breathing so hard you can talk but not carry on a conversation) counts as 2 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise.
• Consult your doctor before starting a cardio regimen if you have existing health conditions or live a sedentary lifestyle.

Treadmill:^[24] Climb up onto the machine before starting it up. Choose a preset program that suits your fitness level, health goals, and expertise with the machine. Grasp the handles and start walking slowly when the walking surface starts moving. Whether you’re walking, jogging, or running, stay centered on the walking surface and keep your feet beneath you. If you can’t keep up the pace, slow the machine down!^[25]

• With a preset program, you’ll start slow as a warmup, get moving a bit (or a lot) faster during the main part of the workout, then slow down again to finish up. You can manually increase or decrease the treadmill’s speed as desired, but try to follow the preset as-is if you’re new to using a treadmill.
• Most treadmills let you manually or mechanically increase or decrease the incline of the walking surface; increasing it ups the intensity while decreasing it reduces the intensity.
• A light- to moderate-intensity treadmill workout should last around 20-30 minutes. If you’re doing a high-intensity running workout, it may last only 5-10 minutes.

Stair climber: With the machine off, grab the handles and ascend the staircase. Choose a preset program that suits your needs and goals. Maintain a normal stepping motion with your feet beneath you, making sure not to drift down the moving staircase. Continue to grip the handlebars throughout. Use the buttons on the machine to decrease or increase the pace of the machine if necessary.^[26]

• Like with the treadmill, aim for 20-30 minutes of low- to moderate-intensity training.

Elliptical: Before starting up the machine, put your feet firmly on the pedals and get a good grip on the handles. Once you select an appropriate preset and get moving, get a full workout by engaging your arms and legs. Push and pull with your hands and use a rotating motion with your legs. Keep your feet flat and pressed to the pedals. Stand up straight and engage your core muscles.^[27]

• Once you get comfortable with the forward motion, try going in reverse. You’ll rotate your legs as if you’re walking or running backward!
• A low- to moderate-intensity workout should last around 20-30 minutes, while a high-intensity elliptical session may only last 5-10 minutes.

Start slow if you’re new to working out or have health conditions. It’s great that you’ve decided to hit the gym and get fit, but don’t overdo it! Ease your body into your new workout routine to reduce your risk of injury. And, especially if you live a sedentary lifestyle or have existing health conditions, consult with your doctor before beginning a new exercise regimen.^[28]

• Start out by going to the gym 2-3 times per week, for maybe 30 minutes at a time. Listen to your body for cues—such as moderate or severe soreness—that you’re overdoing it.
• In some cases, your doctor may recommend that you work with a physical therapist before starting a solo exercise program. Or, you might decide to work with a trainer, at least to start out.
• No matter your health situation, there is an exercise program that’s right for you!

Observe an experienced person before trying new equipment yourself. If you’re working with a trainer or with a friend who has more workout experience, watch them use the machine before trying it yourself. Observe how they adjust the equipment, their body positioning, their technique, and their pace. Ask questions and get tips from them.^[29]

• If you’re working out alone, discretely watch people who clearly know what they’re doing as they use various pieces of equipment—for example, while you’re drinking some water or stretching out. Ideally, observe people who have a similar body type to yours.

Inspect the gym equipment for signs of excessive wear or damage. Worn-down or broken gym equipment can be dangerous. Before using any piece of equipment, take a quick look for signs of wear or damage. Alert a staff member if anything seems out of sorts.^[30]

• As with unsanitary conditions, you’re better off finding a new gym if the equipment, in general, appears excessively worn or damaged.

Disinfect each piece of gym equipment before and after you use it. The days of simply wiping down gym equipment with your sweaty towel are long gone! Use a disinfectant cleaner and a clean cloth or paper towel to thoroughly wipe down each piece of equipment before and after use.^[31]

• Cleaning gym equipment thoroughly is a matter of both common courtesy and public health.

Adjust the equipment to suit you, according to the instructions. If a piece of equipment has posted instructions or diagrams, check these out before attempting to adjust or use it. Once you’re sure you know how to make adjustments, use any levers, knobs, dials, etc. to fine-tune the equipment to suit your body type, fitness level, and goals.^[32]

• If you’re not sure, for example, how to adjust a leg press machine or treadmill, ask a staff member. Don’t just make your best guess!

Start out with lighter weights and focus on perfecting your technique. Don’t worry about putting on a show! Instead of maxing out on the weight you’re trying to lift, start with lighter weights so you can more easily maintain good technique.^[33] Once you’ve mastered your technique, you can then start to ramp up the weight.^[34]

• Generally speaking, you should be able to do 10 repetitions (reps) without your technique breaking down any. If you can easily do more than this, increase the weight a little. If your form starts to break down before 10 reps, cut back on the weight so you can focus on technique.

Use even, steady movements and keep your body under control. Using gym equipment the right way isn’t about showing off, and it also isn’t a race! Body control is the key to good technique, and good technique is critical to a truly beneficial workout. Focus on remaining under control and using smooth, steady movements.^[35]

• For instance, you should be doing biceps curls with a smooth, even motion, not a jerking, stop-and-go motion. Relax, focus on your technique, and reduce the weight if necessary.
• Being under control doesn’t necessarily mean going slow. There’s nothing wrong with getting your legs pumping on an exercise bike, for example. That said, don’t go so fast that your movements can’t remain fluid and under control.

Exercise in front of a mirror so you can keep an eye on your technique. Using a mirror at the gym doesn’t have to be about vanity! Use the mirror to observe yourself in action, and pay close attention to your form and technique. That way, you can make on-the-spot adjustments to get the most from your workout.^[36]

• If a mirror isn’t available and you’re working out with another person, have them observe your technique and give advice as needed.