Ṭa (Indic)

The Brahmi letter , Tta, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Teth , and is thus related to the modern Greek Theta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Tta can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Tta historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Tta with vowel marks

Tta	Ttā	Tti	Ttī	Ttu	Ttū	Ttr	Ttr̄	Tte	Ttai	Tto	Ttau	Ttä

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Teth , and is thus related to Theta, in addition to the Brahmi Tta.

In many languages, ट is pronounced as [ʈə] or [ʈ] when appropriate. In Marathi, ट is sometimes pronounced as [tə] or [t] in addition to [ʈə] or [ʈ]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṭa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa: ^note

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

• प্ (p) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

• ष্ (ṣ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

• Repha र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

• ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṣṭva:

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• छ্ (c^h) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature c^hṭa:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍʱṭa:

• ड্ (ḍ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍṭa:

• द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature dṭa:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ŋṭa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ṭba:

• ट্ (ṭ) + भ (b^ha) gives the ligature ṭb^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṭca:

• ट্ (ṭ) + छ (c^ha) gives the ligature ṭc^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭda:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭḍa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṭḍʱa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ṭdʱa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ṭga:

• ट্ (ṭ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ṭɡʱa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ṭha:

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭ^hṭa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭja:

• ट্ (ṭ) + झ (j^ha) gives the ligature ṭj^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭjña:

• ट্ (ṭ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ṭka:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ख (k^ha) gives the ligature ṭk^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭkṣa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṭla:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ṭḷa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:

• ट্ (ṭ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭna:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭŋa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ṭṇa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭña:

• ट্ (ṭ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ṭpa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + फ (p^ha) gives the ligature ṭp^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ṭsa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʃa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭṣa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṭta:

• ट্ (ṭ) + थ (t^ha) gives the ligature ṭt^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ठ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature ṭṭ^ha:

• ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṭva:

• ट্ (ṭ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṭya:

ট is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Bengali ট exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, and commonly shows both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures.[5]

• ক্ (k) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature kṭa:

• ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature kṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ল্ (l) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature lṭa:

• ণ্ (ṇ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:

• ন্ (n) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature nṭa:

• ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• প্ (p) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature pṭa:

• র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa, with the repha prefix:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭya, with the ya phala suffix:

• স্ (s) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature sṭa:

• স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature sṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ট্ (ṭ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṭma:

• ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ট্ (ṭ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

• ট্ (ṭ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṭva, with the va phala suffix:

• ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṭya, with the ya phala suffix:

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ટ is pronounced as [ʈə] or [ʈ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṭa	Ṭā	Ṭi	Ṭī	Ṭu	Ṭū	Ṭr	Ṭl	Ṭr̄	Ṭl̄	Ṭĕ	Ṭe	Ṭai	Ṭŏ	Ṭo	Ṭau	Ṭ
Gujarati Ṭa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Gujarati ટ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṭa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṭa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature RṬa:

• ટ્ (ʈ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬRa:

• ટ્ (ʈ) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature ṬṬa:

• ટ્ (ʈ) + ઠ (ʈ^ha) gives the ligature ṬṬha:

• ટ્ (ʈ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ṬVa:

Do chada falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In IPA, do chada is pronounced as [d] at the beginning of a syllable and as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. The 20th letter of the alphabet, do dek (ด), is also named do and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and may use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chada (ชฎา) means 'headdress'. Do chada and to patak both correspond to the Devanagari character 'ट'.

To Patak

To patak falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In IPA, to patak is pronounced as [t] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The 21st letter of the alphabet, to tao (ต), is also named to and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and may use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, patak (ปฏัก) means '(cattle) goad'. Do chada and to patak both correspond to the Devanagari character 'ट'.

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ക് (k) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature kṭa:

• ട് (ṭ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

• ണ് (ṇ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṇṭa:

• ഷ് (ṣ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଟ୍ (ṭ) + ଟ (ṭa) gives the ligature ṭṭa:

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂗 (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa: