Ṅa (Indic)

Ṅa is the fifth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, It is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Ṅa
Ṅa
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseṄa
TibetanṄa
TamilṄa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiṄa
DevanagariṄa
Cognates
Hebrewנ ,ן
GreekΝ
LatinN
CyrillicН
Properties
Phonemic representation/ŋ/
IAST transliterationnga Nga
ISCII code pointB7 (183)

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ङ are:[1]

  • [ŋə] = 5 (५)
  • ङि [ŋɪ] = 500 (५००)
  • ङु [ŋʊ] = 50,000 (५० ०००)
  • ङृ [ŋri] = 5,000,000 (५० ०० ०००)
  • ङॢ [ŋlə] = 5×108 (५०)
  • ङे [ŋe] = 5×1010 (५०१०)
  • ङै [ŋɛː] = 5×1012 (५०१२)
  • ङो [ŋoː] = 5×1014 (५०१४)
  • ङौ [ŋɔː] = 5×1016 (५०१६)

Historic Nga

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Nga as found in standard Brahmi, Nga was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Nga. The Tocharian Nga Nga did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. Unlike the other early Brahmic scripts, Kharoṣṭhī did not have a letter Nga.

Brahmi Nga

The Brahmi letter Nga, Nga, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu (letter). Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Nga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Nga historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
No sample

Tocharian Nga

The Tocharian letter Nga is derived from the Brahmi Nga, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Nga with vowel marks
NgaNgāNgiNgīNguNgūNgrNgr̄NgeNgaiNgoNgauNgä

Devanagari script

Ṅa () is the fifth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઙ and the Modi letter 𑘒.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, ङ is pronounced as [ŋə] or [ŋ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ङ with vowel marks
ṄaṄāṄiṄīṄuṄūṄrṄr̄ṄlṄl̄ṄeṄaiṄoṄau
ङा ङि ङी ङु ङू ङृ ङॄ ङॢ ङॣ ङे ङै ङो ङौ ङ्

Conjuncts with ङ

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṅa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where texts in other languages would use them.[3]

Ligature conjuncts of ङ

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋya:

Stacked conjuncts of ङ

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bʰŋa:

  • ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cʰŋa:

  • च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍʱŋa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:

  • द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ɡʱŋa:

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jʰŋa:

  • ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:

  • ख্ (kʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kʰŋa:

  • क্ (k) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kŋa:

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḷŋa:

  • म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ŋbʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ŋcʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ŋḍʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ŋjʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋkta:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ŋla:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ŋḷa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ŋṇa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ŋpʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ŋsa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋta:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ŋtʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ŋṭa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ŋṭʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + व (va) gives the ligature ŋva:

  • फ্ (pʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pʰŋa:

  • प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:

  • थ্ (tʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature tʰŋa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭʰŋa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭŋa:

  • व্ (v) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature vŋa:

  • य্ (y) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature yŋa:

Bengali script

The Bengali script ঙ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and has no horizontal head line, and a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ङ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঙ will sometimes be transliterated as "ngo" instead of "nga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ŋo/. Like all Indic consonants, ঙ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ঙ with vowel marks
ngangāngingīngungūngrngr̄ngengaingongaung
ঙা ঙি ঙী ঙু ঙূ ঙৃ ঙৄ ঙে ঙৈ ঙো ঙৌ ঙ্

ঙ in Bengali-using languages

ঙ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ঙ

Bengali ঙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and unstacked ligatures being common.[4]

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋkʃa:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋkya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:

Gujarati Ṅa

Gujarati Ṅa.

Ṅa () is the fifth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ṅa Nga with the top bar (shirorekha) removed, and ultimately from the Brahmi letter Nga.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઙ is pronounced as [ŋə] or [ŋ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

ṄaṄāṄiṄīṄuṄūṄrṄlṄr̄Ṅl̄ṄĕṄeṄaiṄŏṄoṄau
Gujarati Ṅa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ઙ

Gujarati ઙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṅa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṅa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) gives the ligature ṄKa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:

Gurmukhi script

Ṅaṅā [ŋɑŋːɑ̃] () is the tenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [ŋɑŋːɑ̃] and is pronounced as /ŋ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ṅa, and ultimately from the Brahmi ṅa. Gurmukhi ṅaṅā does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /ŋ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant. Ṅaṅā is rarely used. It cannot begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants, and occurs most often as an allophone of /n/ before specific consonant phonemes.

Burmese script

Nga() is the fifth letter of the Burmese script.

Thai script

Ngo ngu () is the seventh letter of the Thai script. It falls under the low class of Thai consonants. In IPA, ngo ngu is pronounced as [ŋ] at the beginning of a syllable and at the end of a syllable. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthuan explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ngu (งู) means ‘snake’. Ngo ngu corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ङ’.

Javanese script

Telugu Ṅa

Telugu Ṅa
Telugu subjoined Ṅa
Telugu independent and subjoined Ṅa.

Ṅa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఙ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṅa

Malayalam letter Ṅa

Ṅa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ, via the Grantha letter Ṅa Nga. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Nga matras: Nga, Ngā, Ngi, Ngī, Ngu, Ngū, Ngr̥, Ngr̥̄, Ngl̥, Ngl̥̄, Nge, Ngē, Ngai, Ngo, Ngō, Ngau, and Ng.

Conjuncts of ങ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ങ് (ŋ) + ക (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ങ് (ŋ) + ങ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:

Odia Ṅa

Odia independent letter Ṅa
Odia subjoined letter Ṅa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṅa.

Ṅa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṅa Nga. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Nga with vowel matras
ṄaṄāṄiṄīṄuṄūṄr̥Ṅr̥̄Ṅl̥Ṅl̥̄ṄeṄaiṄoṄau
ଙାଙିଙୀଙୁଙୂଙୃଙୄଙୢଙୣଙେଙୈଙୋଙୌଙ୍

Conjuncts of ଙ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + କ (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଖ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

  • ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

Kaithi Ṅa

Kaithi consonant Ṅa
Kaithi consonant Ṅa.

Ṅa (𑂑) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṅa Nga. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Nga with vowel matras
NgaNgāNgiNgīNguNgūNgeNgaiNgoNgauNg
𑂑𑂑𑂰𑂑𑂱𑂑𑂲𑂑𑂳𑂑𑂴𑂑𑂵𑂑𑂶𑂑𑂷𑂑𑂸𑂑𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂑

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂑 (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

Comparison of Ṅa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṅa, are related as well.

Comparison of Ṅa in different scripts
Aramaic
Ṅa
Kharoṣṭhī
-
Ashoka Brahmi
Ṅa
Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Ṅa
Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Ṅa
Gupta Brahmi
Ṅa
Pallava
Ṅa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰒
Siddhaṃ
Ṅa
Grantha
𑌙
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Ṅa
Newa
𑐒
Ahom
𑜂
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Ṅa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤐
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩠
Khmer
Tamil
Ṅa
Chakma
𑄋
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱵
Tirhuta
𑒓
New Tai Lue
 / 
Tai Viet
 / 
Aksara Kawi
Ṅa
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆕
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨏
Bengali-Assamese
Ṅa
Takri
𑚎
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻢
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠎
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘒
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈍
Khudabadi
𑊿
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Ṅa
Nandinagari
𑦲
Kaithi
Ṅa
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
-
Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩠
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
𑶄
Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴐
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Ṅa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṅa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṅa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA BENGALI LETTER NGA TAMIL LETTER NGA SINHALA LETTER KANTAJA NAASIKYAYA ORIYA LETTER NGA TELUGU LETTER NGA MALAYALAM LETTER NGA GUJARATI LETTER NGA GURMUKHI LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2329U+09192457U+09992969U+0B993486U+0D9E2841U+0B193097U+0C193353U+0D192713U+0A992585U+0A19
UTF-8224 164 153E0 A4 99224 166 153E0 A6 99224 174 153E0 AE 99224 182 158E0 B6 9E224 172 153E0 AC 99224 176 153E0 B0 99224 180 153E0 B4 99224 170 153E0 AA 99224 168 153E0 A8 99
Numeric character referenceङङঙঙஙஙඞඞଙଙఙఙങങઙઙਙਙ
ISCII183B7183B7183B7183B7183B7183B7183B7183B7183B7


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𑌙
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER NGA SIDDHAM LETTER NGA GRANTHA LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode69655U+1101771058U+1159270425U+11319
UTF-8240 145 128 151F0 91 80 97240 145 150 146F0 91 96 92240 145 140 153F0 91 8C 99
UTF-1655300 56343D804 DC1755301 56722D805 DD9255300 57113D804 DF19
Numeric character reference𑀗𑀗𑖒𑖒𑌙𑌙


Character information
Preview𑨏𑐒𑰒𑆕
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER NGA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER NGA PHAGS-PA LETTER NGA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGA NEWA LETTER NGA BHAIKSUKI LETTER NGA SHARADA LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3908U+0F443988U+0F9443075U+A84372207U+11A0F70674U+1141272722U+11C1270037U+11195
UTF-8224 189 132E0 BD 84224 190 148E0 BE 94234 161 131EA A1 83240 145 168 143F0 91 A8 8F240 145 144 146F0 91 90 92240 145 176 146F0 91 B0 92240 145 134 149F0 91 86 95
UTF-1639080F4439880F9443075A84355302 56847D806 DE0F55301 56338D805 DC1255303 56338D807 DC1255300 56725D804 DD95
Numeric character referenceངངྔྔꡃꡃ𑨏𑨏𑐒𑐒𑰒𑰒𑆕𑆕


Character information
Preview
Unicode name NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NGA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NGA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL NG
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode6535U+19876532U+19846594U+19C2
UTF-8225 166 135E1 A6 87225 166 132E1 A6 84225 167 130E1 A7 82
Numeric character referenceᦇᦇᦄᦄᧂᧂ
  • See further below for Burmese and Tai Tham codepoints.


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER NGO LAO LETTER NGO THAI CHARACTER NGO NGU TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NGO TAI VIET LETTER LOW NGO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6020U+17843719U+0E873591U+0E0743657U+AA8943656U+AA88
UTF-8225 158 132E1 9E 84224 186 135E0 BA 87224 184 135E0 B8 87234 170 137EA AA 89234 170 136EA AA 88
Numeric character referenceងងງງงงꪉꪉꪈꪈ


Character information
Preview𑄋𑜂𑤐
Unicode name KANNADA LETTER NGA KAYAH LI LETTER NGA CHAKMA LETTER NGAA TAI LE LETTER NGA AHOM LETTER NGA DIVES AKURU LETTER NGA SAURASHTRA LETTER NGA CHAM LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3225U+0C9943277U+A90D69899U+1110B6482U+195271426U+1170271952U+1191043158U+A89643531U+AA0B
UTF-8224 178 153E0 B2 99234 164 141EA A4 8D240 145 132 139F0 91 84 8B225 165 146E1 A5 92240 145 156 130F0 91 9C 82240 145 164 144F0 91 A4 90234 162 150EA A2 96234 168 139EA A8 8B
UTF-1632250C9943277A90D55300 56587D804 DD0B6482195255301 57090D805 DF0255302 56592D806 DD1043158A89643531AA0B
Numeric character referenceಙಙꤍꤍ𑄋𑄋ᥒᥒ𑜂𑜂𑤐𑤐ꢖꢖꨋꨋ


Character information
Preview𑘒𑦲𑩠𑶄
Unicode name MODI LETTER NGA NANDINAGARI LETTER NGA SOYOMBO LETTER NGA GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NGA KAITHI LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71186U+1161272114U+119B272288U+11A6073092U+11D8469777U+11091
UTF-8240 145 152 146F0 91 98 92240 145 166 178F0 91 A6 B2240 145 169 160F0 91 A9 A0240 145 182 132F0 91 B6 84240 145 130 145F0 91 82 91
UTF-1655301 56850D805 DE1255302 56754D806 DDB255302 56928D806 DE6055303 56708D807 DD8455300 56465D804 DC91
Numeric character reference𑘒𑘒𑦲𑦲𑩠𑩠𑶄𑶄𑂑𑂑


Character information
Preview𑒓𑱵
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER NGA LEPCHA LETTER NGA LIMBU LETTER NGA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NGOU LONSUM MARCHEN LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70803U+114937173U+1C056405U+190544001U+ABE172821U+11C75
UTF-8240 145 146 147F0 91 92 93225 176 133E1 B0 85225 164 133E1 A4 85234 175 161EA AF A1240 145 177 181F0 91 B1 B5
UTF-1655301 56467D805 DC9371731C056405190544001ABE155303 56437D807 DC75
Numeric character reference𑒓𑒓ᰅᰅᤅᤅꯡꯡ𑱵𑱵


Character information
Preview𑚎𑠎𑈍𑊿
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER NGA DOGRA LETTER NGA KHOJKI LETTER NGA KHUDAWADI LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71310U+1168E71694U+1180E70157U+1120D70335U+112BF
UTF-8240 145 154 142F0 91 9A 8E240 145 160 142F0 91 A0 8E240 145 136 141F0 91 88 8D240 145 138 191F0 91 8A BF
UTF-1655301 56974D805 DE8E55302 56334D806 DC0E55300 56845D804 DE0D55300 57023D804 DEBF
Numeric character reference𑚎𑚎𑠎𑠎𑈍𑈍𑊿𑊿


Character information
Preview𑻢
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER NGA BATAK LETTER NGA BUGINESE LETTER NGA JAVANESE LETTER NGA MAKASAR LETTER NGA REJANG LETTER NGA SUNDANESE LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6935U+1B177133U+1BDD6658U+1A0243412U+A99473442U+11EE243314U+A9327053U+1B8D
UTF-8225 172 151E1 AC 97225 175 157E1 AF 9D225 168 130E1 A8 82234 166 148EA A6 94240 145 187 162F0 91 BB A2234 164 178EA A4 B2225 174 141E1 AE 8D
UTF-1669351B1771331BDD66581A0243412A99455303 57058D807 DEE243314A93270531B8D
Numeric character referenceᬗᬗᯝᯝᨂᨂꦔꦔ𑻢𑻢ꤲꤲᮍᮍ


Character information
Preview𑴐
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER NGA TAGBANWA LETTER NGA BUHID LETTER NGA HANUNOO LETTER NGA MASARAM GONDI LETTER NGA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5893U+17055989U+17655957U+17455925U+172572976U+11D10
UTF-8225 156 133E1 9C 85225 157 165E1 9D A5225 157 133E1 9D 85225 156 165E1 9C A5240 145 180 144F0 91 B4 90
UTF-165893170559891765595717455925172555303 56592D807 DD10
Numeric character referenceᜅᜅᝥᝥᝅᝅᜥᜥ𑴐𑴐


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER NGA Myanmar superscript NGA TAI THAM LETTER NGA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode4100U+10044100 4154 4153U+1004+103A+10396694U+1A266745U+1A596744U+1A58
UTF-8225 128 132E1 80 84225 128 132 225 128 186 225 128 185E1 80 84 E1 80 BA E1 80 B9225 168 166E1 A8 A6225 169 153E1 A9 99225 169 152E1 A9 98
Numeric character referenceငငင်္င်္ᨦᨦᩙᩙᩘᩘ

References

  1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  3. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  4. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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