Śa (Indic)

Śa or Sha is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Śa is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Śa
Śa
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseŚa
TibetanŚa
Tamil
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiŚa
DevanagariŚa
Cognates
Hebrewש
GreekΣ (Ϲ), Ϛ
LatinS (ſ), ẞ, Ʃ, Š
CyrillicС, Ш, Щ
Properties
Phonemic representation/ʃ/
IAST transliterationś Ś
ISCII code pointD5 (213)

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of श are:[1]

  • [ʃə] = 70 (७०)
  • शि [ʃɪ] = 7,000 (७ ०००)
  • शु [ʃʊ] = 700,000 (७ ०० ०००)
  • शृ [ʃri] = 70,000,000 (७ ०० ०० ०००)
  • शॢ [ʃlə] = 7×109 (७×१०)
  • शे [ʃe] = 7×1011 (७×१०११)
  • शै [ʃɛː] = 7×1013 (७×१०१३)
  • शो [ʃoː] = 7×1015 (७×१०१५)
  • शौ [ʃɔː] = 7×1017 (७×१०१७)

Historic Sha

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Sha as found in standard Brahmi, Sha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Sha. The Tocharian Sha Sha had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Sha. The third form of sha, in Kharoshthi (Sha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Sha

The Brahmi letter Sha, Sha, is probably derived from the Aramaic Shin , and is thus related to the modern Latin S and Greek Sigma.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Sha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Sha historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
No sample

Tocharian Sha

The Tocharian letter Sha is derived from the Brahmi Sha, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form Shä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Shä.

Tocharian Sha with vowel marks
ShaShāShiShīShuShūShrShr̄SheShaiShoShauShäFremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Sha

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Sha is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Shin , and is thus related to S and Sigma, in addition to the Brahmi Sha.[2]

Devanagari Śa

Śa () is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘫.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, श is pronounced as [ʃə] or [ʃ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari श with vowel marks
ŚaŚāŚiŚīŚuŚūŚrŚr̄ŚlŚl̄ŚeŚaiŚoŚauŚ
शा शि शी शु शू शृ शॄ शॢ शॣ शे शै शो शौ श्

Conjuncts with श

Half form of Śa.
Half form of Ribbon Śa.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Śa is unique in having an alternate form, sometimes called "Ribbon Śa", that appears as both a half form in horizontal and as an element in vertical conjuncts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of श

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

  • श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • श্ (ʃ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

Stacked conjuncts of श

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature cʰʃa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʱʃa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:

  • द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:

  • ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:

  • श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ʃla:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ʃḷa:

  • श্ (ʃ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃña:

  • श্ (ʃ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:

  • श্ (ʃ) + व (va) gives the ligature ʃva:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʰʃa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʃa:

Bengali Sha

The Bengali script শ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by the lack of a horizontal head line, unlike the reduced head line of its Devanagari counterpart, श. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter শ will sometimes be transliterated as "sho" instead of "sha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʃo/. Like all Indic consonants, শ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali শ with vowel marks
shashāshishīshushūshrshr̄sheshaishoshaush
শা শি শী শু শূ শৃ শৄ শে শৈ শো শৌ শ্

শ in Bengali-using languages

শ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with শ

Bengali শ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

Other conjuncts of শ

  • র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ল (la) gives the ligature ʃla:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ʃra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ʃva, with the va phala suffix:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ʃya, with the ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Śa

Gujarati Śa.

Śa () is the thirtieth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Śa Sha with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Sha.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, શ is pronounced as [ʃə] or [ʃ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

ŚaŚāŚiŚīŚuŚūŚrŚlŚr̄Śl̄ŚĕŚeŚaiŚŏŚoŚauŚ
Gujarati Śa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with શ

Half form of Śa.

Gujarati શ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature ŚCa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + લ (la) gives the ligature ŚLa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ŚVa:

Telugu Śa

Telugu Śa
Telugu subjoined Śa
Telugu independent and subjoined Śa.

Śa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ś. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Śa

Malayalam letter Śa

Śa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ś, via the Grantha letter Śa Sha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Sha matras: Sha, Shā, Shi, Shī, Shu, Shū, Shr̥, Shr̥̄, Shl̥, Shl̥̄, She, Shē, Shai, Sho, Shō, Shau, and Sh.

Conjuncts of ശ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

  • ശ് (ʃ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:

  • ശ് (ʃ) + ശ (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:

Odia Śa

Odia independent letter Śa
Odia subjoined letter Śa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Śa.

Śa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ś, via the Siddhaṃ letter Śa Sha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Sha with vowel matras
ŚaŚāŚiŚīŚuŚūŚr̥Śr̥̄Śl̥Śl̥̄ŚeŚaiŚoŚauŚ
ଶାଶିଶୀଶୁଶୂଶୃଶୄଶୢଶୣଶେଶୈଶୋଶୌଶ୍

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଶ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures, although the subjoined form of Cha used with Sha is irregular:

  • ଶ୍ (ś) + ଛ (cha) gives the ligature ścha:

Kaithi Śa

Kaithi consonant Śa
Kaithi half-form letter Śa
Kaithi consonant and half-form Śa.

Śa (𑂬) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ś, via the Siddhaṃ letter Śa Sha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Sha with vowel matras
ShaShāShiShīShuShūSheShaiShoShauSh
𑂬𑂬𑂰𑂬𑂱𑂬𑂲𑂬𑂳𑂬𑂴𑂬𑂵𑂬𑂶𑂬𑂷𑂬𑂸𑂬𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂬

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

Comparison of Śa

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Śa, are related as well.

Comparison of Śa in different scripts
Aramaic
Śa
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨭
Ashoka Brahmi
Śa
Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Śa
Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Śa / Śa
Gupta Brahmi
Śa
Pallava
Śa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰫
Siddhaṃ
Śa
Grantha
𑌶
Cham
-
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Śa
Newa
𑐱
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Śa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤪
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩿
Khmer
Tamil
Chakma
-
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑲌
Tirhuta
𑒬
New Tai Lue
-
Tai Viet
-
Aksara Kawi
Śa
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆯
Rejang
-
Batak
-
Buginese
-
Zanabazar Square
𑨮
Bengali-Assamese
Śa
Takri
𑚧
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠧
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
-
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘫
Gujarati
Khojki
-
Khudabadi
𑋜
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Śa
Nandinagari
𑧋
Kaithi
Śa
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
-
Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩿
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
-
Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴩
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Śa

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Śa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Śa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA BENGALI LETTER SHA TAMIL LETTER SHA TELUGU LETTER SHA ORIYA LETTER SHA KANNADA LETTER SHA MALAYALAM LETTER SHA GUJARATI LETTER SHA GURMUKHI LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2358U+09362486U+09B62998U+0BB63126U+0C362870U+0B363254U+0CB63382U+0D362742U+0AB62614U+0A36
UTF-8224 164 182E0 A4 B6224 166 182E0 A6 B6224 174 182E0 AE B6224 176 182E0 B0 B6224 172 182E0 AC B6224 178 182E0 B2 B6224 180 182E0 B4 B6224 170 182E0 AA B6224 168 182E0 A8 B6
Numeric character referenceशशশশஶஶశశଶଶಶಶശശશશਸ਼ਸ਼
ISCII213D5213D5213D5213D5213D5213D5213D5213D5213D5


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨭𑌶
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER SHA KHAROSHTHI LETTER SHA SIDDHAM LETTER SHA GRANTHA LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69680U+1103068141U+10A2D71083U+115AB70454U+11336
UTF-8240 145 128 176F0 91 80 B0240 144 168 173F0 90 A8 AD240 145 150 171F0 91 96 AB240 145 140 182F0 91 8C B6
UTF-1655300 56368D804 DC3055298 56877D802 DE2D55301 56747D805 DDAB55300 57142D804 DF36
Numeric character reference𑀰𑀰𐨭𐨭𑖫𑖫𑌶𑌶


Character information
Preview𑨮𑐱𑰫𑆯
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER SHA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER SHA PHAGS-PA LETTER SHA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SHA NEWA LETTER SHA BHAIKSUKI LETTER SHA SHARADA LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3940U+0F644020U+0FB443098U+A85A72238U+11A2E70705U+1143172747U+11C2B70063U+111AF
UTF-8224 189 164E0 BD A4224 190 180E0 BE B4234 161 154EA A1 9A240 145 168 174F0 91 A8 AE240 145 144 177F0 91 90 B1240 145 176 171F0 91 B0 AB240 145 134 175F0 91 86 AF
UTF-1639400F6440200FB443098A85A55302 56878D806 DE2E55301 56369D805 DC3155303 56363D807 DC2B55300 56751D804 DDAF
Numeric character referenceཤཤྴྴꡚꡚ𑨮𑨮𑐱𑐱𑰫𑰫𑆯𑆯


Character information
Preview
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER SHA TAI THAM LETTER HIGH SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode4176U+10506726U+1A46
UTF-8225 129 144E1 81 90225 169 134E1 A9 86
Numeric character referenceၐၐᩆᩆ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER SHA LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SHA THAI CHARACTER SO SALA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode6045U+179D3752U+0EA83624U+0E28
UTF-8225 158 157E1 9E 9D224 186 168E0 BA A8224 184 168E0 B8 A8
Numeric character referenceឝឝຨຨศศ


Character information
Preview𑤪
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER TAALUJA SAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER SHA DIVES AKURU LETTER SHA SAURASHTRA LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3521U+0DC143279U+A90F71978U+1192A43183U+A8AF
UTF-8224 183 129E0 B7 81234 164 143EA A4 8F240 145 164 170F0 91 A4 AA234 162 175EA A2 AF
UTF-1635210DC143279A90F55302 56618D806 DD2A43183A8AF
Numeric character referenceශශꤏꤏ𑤪𑤪ꢯꢯ


Character information
Preview𑘫𑧋𑩿
Unicode name MODI LETTER SHA NANDINAGARI LETTER SHA SOYOMBO LETTER SHA KAITHI LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71211U+1162B72139U+119CB72319U+11A7F69804U+110AC
UTF-8240 145 152 171F0 91 98 AB240 145 167 139F0 91 A7 8B240 145 169 191F0 91 A9 BF240 145 130 172F0 91 82 AC
UTF-1655301 56875D805 DE2B55302 56779D806 DDCB55302 56959D806 DE7F55300 56492D804 DCAC
Numeric character reference𑘫𑘫𑧋𑧋𑩿𑩿𑂬𑂬


Character information
Preview𑒬𑲌
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER SHA LEPCHA LETTER SHA LIMBU LETTER SHA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER SHA MARCHEN LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70828U+114AC7201U+1C216425U+191943753U+AAE972844U+11C8C
UTF-8240 145 146 172F0 91 92 AC225 176 161E1 B0 A1225 164 153E1 A4 99234 171 169EA AB A9240 145 178 140F0 91 B2 8C
UTF-1655301 56492D805 DCAC72011C216425191943753AAE955303 56460D807 DC8C
Numeric character reference𑒬𑒬ᰡᰡᤙᤙꫩꫩ𑲌𑲌


Character information
Preview𑚧𑠧𑋜
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER SHA DOGRA LETTER SHA KHUDAWADI LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode71335U+116A771719U+1182770364U+112DC
UTF-8240 145 154 167F0 91 9A A7240 145 160 167F0 91 A0 A7240 145 139 156F0 91 8B 9C
UTF-1655301 56999D805 DEA755302 56359D806 DC2755300 57052D804 DEDC
Numeric character reference𑚧𑚧𑠧𑠧𑋜𑋜


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER SA SAGA JAVANESE LETTER SA MURDA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode6960U+1B3043439U+A9AF
UTF-8225 172 176E1 AC B0234 166 175EA A6 AF
Numeric character referenceᬰᬰꦯꦯ


Character information
Preview𑴩
Unicode name MASARAM GONDI LETTER SHA
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode73001U+11D29
UTF-8240 145 180 169F0 91 B4 A9
UTF-1655303 56617D807 DD29
Numeric character reference𑴩𑴩


References

  1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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