Gha (Indic)

The Brahmi letter , Gha, is probably derived from the Aramaic Heth , and is thus related to the modern Latin H and Greek Eta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Gha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Gha historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Gha with vowel marks

Gha	Ghā	Ghi	Ghī	Ghu	Ghū	Ghr	Ghr̄	Ghe	Ghai	Gho	Ghau	Ghä

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Heth , and is thus related to H and Eta, in addition to the Brahmi Gha.

In all languages, घ is pronounced as [gʱə] or [gʱ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Half form of Gha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[3]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

• Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa: ^note

• Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

• द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• छ্ (cʰ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature cʰɡʱa:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ḍʱɡʱa:

• ड্ (ḍ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ḍɡʱa:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ɡʱca:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ɡʱḍa:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ɡʱja:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ɡʱjña:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ɡʱla:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ɡʱŋa:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ɡʱña:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

• ट্ (ṭ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ṭɡʱa:

• ठ্ (ṭʰ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ṭʰɡʱa:

ঘ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Bengali ঘ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked ligatures being common.[4]

• দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

• ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

• র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa, with the repha prefix:

• র্ (r) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઘ is pronounced as [ɡʱə] or [ɡʱ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Gha	Ghā	Ghi	Ghī	Ghu	Ghū	Ghr	Ghl	Ghr̄	Ghl̄	Ghĕ	Ghe	Ghai	Ghŏ	Gho	Ghau	Gh
Gujarati Gha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Half form of Gha.

Gujarati ઘ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature RGha:

• ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GhRa:

• ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature GhNa:

• દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ഗ് (g) + ഘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature gɡʱa:

• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

• ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

• ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

• ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

• 𑂐୍ (ɡʱ) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

• 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂐 (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa: