Da (Indic)

Da
Da
Example glyphs
Bengali-Assamese
Tibetan
Thai	ท
Malayalam	ദ
Sinhala	ද
Ashoka Brahmi
Devanagari
Cognates
Hebrew	ד
Greek	Δ
Latin	D
Cyrillic	Д
Properties
Phonemic representation	/d/ /t/
IAST transliteration	d D
ISCII code point	C4 (196)
	; ^B In Khmer

Da is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of द are:[1]

द [də] = 18 (१८)
दि [dɪ] = 1,800 (१ ८००)
दु [dʊ] = 180,000 (१ ८० ०००)
दृ [dri] = 18,000,000 (१ ८० ०० ०००)
दॢ [dlə] = 18×10⁸ (१८×१०^८)
दे [de] = 18×10¹⁰ (१८×१०^१०)
दै [dɛː] = 18×10¹² (१८×१०^१२)
दो [doː] = 18×10¹⁴ (१८×१०^१४)
दौ [dɔː] = 18×10¹⁶ (१८×१०^१६)

Historic Da

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Da as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Da did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of da, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Da

The Brahmi letter , Da, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Da can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Da historic forms
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Da

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Da with vowel marks
Da	Dā	Di	Dī	Du	Dū	Dr	Dr̄	De	Dai	Do	Dau	Dä

Kharoṣṭhī Da

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Da.[2]

Devanagari Da

Da (द) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter દ, and the Modi letter 𑘟.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, द is pronounced as [də] or [d] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari द with vowel marks
Da	Dā	Di	Dī	Du	Dū	Dr	Dr̄	Dl	Dl̄	De	Dai	Do	Dau	D
द	दा	दि	दी	दु	दू	दृ	दॄ	दॢ	दॣ	दे	दै	दो	दौ	द्

Conjuncts with द

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Da either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of द

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.

Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda: ^note

Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

द্ (d) + द (da) gives the ligature dda:

द্ (d) + द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature ddya:

द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature dya:

Stacked conjuncts of द

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature cʰda:

द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:

द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:

द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature dcʰa:

ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:

द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:

द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature dḍʱa:

ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍʱda:

द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:

द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:

द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature djʰa:

द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:

द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature dka:

द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature dkʰa:

द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:

द্ (d) + ल (la) gives the ligature dla:

द্ (d) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature dḷa:

द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:

द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:

द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature dṇa:

द্ (d) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dña:

द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature dpʰa:

द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature dsa:

द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:

द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:

द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature dta:

द্ (d) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature dtʰa:

द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature dṭa:

द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature dṭʰa:

द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature dva:

द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature dvya:

ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:

Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭda:

ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭʰda:

Bengali Da

The Bengali script দ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, द. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter দ will sometimes be transliterated as "do" instead of "da". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, দ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali দ with vowel marks
da	dā	di	dī	du	dū	dr	dr̄	de	dai	do	dau	d
দ	দা	দি	দী	দু	দূ	দৃ	দৄ	দে	দৈ	দো	দৌ	দ্

দ in Bengali-using languages

দ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with দ

Bengali দ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:

দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

দ্ (d) + দ (da) gives the ligature dda:

দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ddva, with the va phala suffix:

দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:

দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature dra, with the ra phala suffix:

দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature dva, with the va phala suffix:

দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature dya, with the ya phala suffix:

ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda, with the repha prefix:

র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:

র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

Gujarati Da

Gujarati Da.

Da (દ) is the eighteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Da with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, દ is pronounced as [də] or [d] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Da	Dā	Di	Dī	Du	Dū	Dr	Dl	Dr̄	Dl̄	Dĕ	De	Dai	Dŏ	Do	Dau	D

Gujarati Da syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with દ

Gujarati દ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Da does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Da will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:

દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:

દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:

દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:

દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:

દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:

દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:

Javanese Da

Telugu Da

Telugu independent and subjoined Da.

Da (ద) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ದ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Da

Malayalam letter Da

Da (ദ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Da matras: Da, Dā, Di, Dī, Du, Dū, Dr̥, Dr̥̄, Dl̥, Dl̥̄, De, Dē, Dai, Do, Dō, Dau, and D.

Conjuncts of ദ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

ദ് (d) + ദ (da) gives the ligature dda:

ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:

ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Odia Da

Odia independent and subjoined letter Da.

Da (ଦ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Da with vowel matras
Da	Dā	Di	Dī	Du	Dū	Dr̥	Dr̥̄	Dl̥	Dl̥̄	De	Dai	Do	Dau	D
ଦ	ଦା	ଦି	ଦୀ	ଦୁ	ଦୂ	ଦୃ	ଦୄ	ଦୢ	ଦୣ	ଦେ	ଦୈ	ଦୋ	ଦୌ	ଦ୍

Conjuncts of ଦ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

ଦ୍ (d) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature dda:

ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

Kaithi Da

Kaithi consonant Da.

Da (𑂠) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Da with vowel matras
Da	Dā	Di	Dī	Du	Dū	De	Dai	Do	Dau	D
𑂠	𑂠𑂰	𑂠𑂱	𑂠𑂲	𑂠𑂳	𑂠𑂴	𑂠𑂵	𑂠𑂶	𑂠𑂷	𑂠𑂸	𑂠𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂠

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂠 (da) gives the ligature rda:

Comparison of Da

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Da, are related as well.

Comparison of Da in different scripts

Aramaic

Kharoṣṭhī
𐨡

Ashoka Brahmi

Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]

Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]

Gupta Brahmi

Pallava

Kadamba
-

Bhaiksuki
𑰟

Siddhaṃ

Grantha
𑌦

Cham
ꨕ

Sinhala
ද

Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-

Tibetan

Newa
𑐡

Ahom
𑜓

Malayalam
ദ

Telugu
ద

Burmese
ဒ

Lepcha
ᰌ

Ranjana

Saurashtra
ꢣ

Dives Akuru
𑤝

Kannada
ದ

Kayah Li
ꤘ

Limbu
ᤍ

Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩭

Khmer
ទ

Tamil
-

Chakma
𑄘

Tai Tham
ᨴ

Meitei Mayek
ꯗ

Gaudi
-

Thai
ท

Lao
ທ

Tai Le
-

Marchen
𑱼

Tirhuta
𑒠

New Tai Lue
ᦑ

Tai Viet
ꪒ / ꪓ

Aksara Kawi

'Phags-pa
ꡊ

Odia
ଦ

Sharada
𑆢

Rejang
ꤴ

Batak
ᯑ

Buginese
ᨉ

Zanabazar Square
𑨛

Bengali-Assamese

Takri
𑚛

Javanese
ꦢ

Balinese
ᬤ

Makasar
𑻧

Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
ㄷ

Northern Nagari
-

Dogri
𑠛

Laṇḍā
-

Sundanese
ᮓ

Baybayin
ᜇ

Modi
𑘟

Gujarati
દ

Khojki
𑈛

Khudabadi
𑋏

Mahajani
𑅥

Tagbanwa
ᝧ

Devanagari

Nandinagari
𑦿

Kaithi

Gurmukhi
ਦ

Multani
𑊘

Buhid
ᝇ

Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
-

Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩭

Sylheti Nagari
ꠖ

Gunjala Gondi
𑵸

Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴝

Hanuno'o
ᜧ

Notes

The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Da

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Da in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Da from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview					ద		ଦ		ದ		ദ		દ		ਦ
Unicode name	DEVANAGARI LETTER DA		BENGALI LETTER DA		TELUGU LETTER DA		ORIYA LETTER DA		KANNADA LETTER DA		MALAYALAM LETTER DA		GUJARATI LETTER DA		GURMUKHI LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	2342	U+0926	2470	U+09A6	3110	U+0C26	2854	U+0B26	3238	U+0CA6	3366	U+0D26	2726	U+0AA6	2598	U+0A26
UTF-8	224 164 166	E0 A4 A6	224 166 166	E0 A6 A6	224 176 166	E0 B0 A6	224 172 166	E0 AC A6	224 178 166	E0 B2 A6	224 180 166	E0 B4 A6	224 170 166	E0 AA A6	224 168 166	E0 A8 A6
Numeric character reference	द	द	দ	দ	ద	ద	ଦ	ଦ	ದ	ದ	ദ	ദ	દ	દ	ਦ	ਦ
ISCII	196	C4	196	C4	196	C4	196	C4	196	C4	196	C4	196	C4	196	C4

Character information
Preview	Ashoka Kushana Gupta		𐨡				𑌦
Unicode name	BRAHMI LETTER DA		KHAROSHTHI LETTER DA		SIDDHAM LETTER DA		GRANTHA LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	69668	U+11024	68129	U+10A21	71071	U+1159F	70438	U+11326
UTF-8	240 145 128 164	F0 91 80 A4	240 144 168 161	F0 90 A8 A1	240 145 150 159	F0 91 96 9F	240 145 140 166	F0 91 8C A6
UTF-16	55300 56356	D804 DC24	55298 56865	D802 DE21	55301 56735	D805 DD9F	55300 57126	D804 DF26
Numeric character reference	𑀤	𑀤	𐨡	𐨡	𑖟	𑖟	𑌦	𑌦

Character information
Preview			ྡ		ꡊ		𑨛		𑐡		𑰟		𑆢
Unicode name	TIBETAN LETTER DA		TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER DA		PHAGS-PA LETTER DA		ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DA		NEWA LETTER DA		BHAIKSUKI LETTER DA		SHARADA LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3921	U+0F51	4001	U+0FA1	43082	U+A84A	72219	U+11A1B	70689	U+11421	72735	U+11C1F	70050	U+111A2
UTF-8	224 189 145	E0 BD 91	224 190 161	E0 BE A1	234 161 138	EA A1 8A	240 145 168 155	F0 91 A8 9B	240 145 144 161	F0 91 90 A1	240 145 176 159	F0 91 B0 9F	240 145 134 162	F0 91 86 A2
UTF-16	3921	0F51	4001	0FA1	43082	A84A	55302 56859	D806 DE1B	55301 56353	D805 DC21	55303 56351	D807 DC1F	55300 56738	D804 DDA2
Numeric character reference	ད	ད	ྡ	ྡ	ꡊ	ꡊ	𑨛	𑨛	𑐡	𑐡	𑰟	𑰟	𑆢	𑆢

Character information
Preview	ဒ		ᨴ		ᦑ
Unicode name	MYANMAR LETTER DA		TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA		NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	4114	U+1012	6708	U+1A34	6545	U+1991
UTF-8	225 128 146	E1 80 92	225 168 180	E1 A8 B4	225 166 145	E1 A6 91
Numeric character reference	ဒ	ဒ	ᨴ	ᨴ	ᦑ	ᦑ

Character information
Preview	ទ		ທ		ท		ꪒ		ꪓ
Unicode name	KHMER LETTER TO		LAO LETTER THO TAM		THAI CHARACTER THO THAHAN		TAI VIET LETTER LOW DO		TAI VIET LETTER HIGH DO
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6033	U+1791	3735	U+0E97	3607	U+0E17	43666	U+AA92	43667	U+AA93
UTF-8	225 158 145	E1 9E 91	224 186 151	E0 BA 97	224 184 151	E0 B8 97	234 170 146	EA AA 92	234 170 147	EA AA 93
Numeric character reference	ទ	ទ	ທ	ທ	ท	ท	ꪒ	ꪒ	ꪓ	ꪓ

Character information
Preview	ද		ꤘ		𑄘		𑜓		𑤝		ꢣ		ꨕ
Unicode name	SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA DAYANNA		KAYAH LI LETTER DA		CHAKMA LETTER DAA		AHOM LETTER DA		DIVES AKURU LETTER DA		SAURASHTRA LETTER DA		CHAM LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	3503	U+0DAF	43288	U+A918	69912	U+11118	71443	U+11713	71965	U+1191D	43171	U+A8A3	43541	U+AA15
UTF-8	224 182 175	E0 B6 AF	234 164 152	EA A4 98	240 145 132 152	F0 91 84 98	240 145 156 147	F0 91 9C 93	240 145 164 157	F0 91 A4 9D	234 162 163	EA A2 A3	234 168 149	EA A8 95
UTF-16	3503	0DAF	43288	A918	55300 56600	D804 DD18	55301 57107	D805 DF13	55302 56605	D806 DD1D	43171	A8A3	43541	AA15
Numeric character reference	ද	ද	ꤘ	ꤘ	𑄘	𑄘	𑜓	𑜓	𑤝	𑤝	ꢣ	ꢣ	ꨕ	ꨕ

Character information
Preview	𑘟		𑦿		𑩭		ꠖ		𑵸
Unicode name	MODI LETTER DA		NANDINAGARI LETTER DA		SOYOMBO LETTER DA		SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DO		GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DA		KAITHI LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71199	U+1161F	72127	U+119BF	72301	U+11A6D	43030	U+A816	73080	U+11D78	69792	U+110A0
UTF-8	240 145 152 159	F0 91 98 9F	240 145 166 191	F0 91 A6 BF	240 145 169 173	F0 91 A9 AD	234 160 150	EA A0 96	240 145 181 184	F0 91 B5 B8	240 145 130 160	F0 91 82 A0
UTF-16	55301 56863	D805 DE1F	55302 56767	D806 DDBF	55302 56941	D806 DE6D	43030	A816	55303 56696	D807 DD78	55300 56480	D804 DCA0
Numeric character reference	𑘟	𑘟	𑦿	𑦿	𑩭	𑩭	ꠖ	ꠖ	𑵸	𑵸	𑂠	𑂠

Character information
Preview	𑒠		ᰌ		ᤍ		ꯗ		𑱼
Unicode name	TIRHUTA LETTER DA		LEPCHA LETTER DA		LIMBU LETTER DA		MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DIL		MARCHEN LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	70816	U+114A0	7180	U+1C0C	6413	U+190D	43991	U+ABD7	72828	U+11C7C
UTF-8	240 145 146 160	F0 91 92 A0	225 176 140	E1 B0 8C	225 164 141	E1 A4 8D	234 175 151	EA AF 97	240 145 177 188	F0 91 B1 BC
UTF-16	55301 56480	D805 DCA0	7180	1C0C	6413	190D	43991	ABD7	55303 56444	D807 DC7C
Numeric character reference	𑒠	𑒠	ᰌ	ᰌ	ᤍ	ᤍ	ꯗ	ꯗ	𑱼	𑱼

Character information
Preview	𑚛		𑠛		𑈛		𑋏		𑅥		𑊘
Unicode name	TAKRI LETTER DA		DOGRA LETTER DA		KHOJKI LETTER DA		KHUDAWADI LETTER DA		MAHAJANI LETTER DA		MULTANI LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	71323	U+1169B	71707	U+1181B	70171	U+1121B	70351	U+112CF	69989	U+11165	70296	U+11298
UTF-8	240 145 154 155	F0 91 9A 9B	240 145 160 155	F0 91 A0 9B	240 145 136 155	F0 91 88 9B	240 145 139 143	F0 91 8B 8F	240 145 133 165	F0 91 85 A5	240 145 138 152	F0 91 8A 98
UTF-16	55301 56987	D805 DE9B	55302 56347	D806 DC1B	55300 56859	D804 DE1B	55300 57039	D804 DECF	55300 56677	D804 DD65	55300 56984	D804 DE98
Numeric character reference	𑚛	𑚛	𑠛	𑠛	𑈛	𑈛	𑋏	𑋏	𑅥	𑅥	𑊘	𑊘

Character information
Preview	ᬤ		ᯑ		ᨉ		ꦢ		𑻧		ꤴ		ᮓ
Unicode name	BALINESE LETTER DA		BATAK LETTER DA		BUGINESE LETTER DA		JAVANESE LETTER DA		MAKASAR LETTER DA		REJANG LETTER DA		SUNDANESE LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	6948	U+1B24	7121	U+1BD1	6665	U+1A09	43426	U+A9A2	73447	U+11EE7	43316	U+A934	7059	U+1B93
UTF-8	225 172 164	E1 AC A4	225 175 145	E1 AF 91	225 168 137	E1 A8 89	234 166 162	EA A6 A2	240 145 187 167	F0 91 BB A7	234 164 180	EA A4 B4	225 174 147	E1 AE 93
UTF-16	6948	1B24	7121	1BD1	6665	1A09	43426	A9A2	55303 57063	D807 DEE7	43316	A934	7059	1B93
Numeric character reference	ᬤ	ᬤ	ᯑ	ᯑ	ᨉ	ᨉ	ꦢ	ꦢ	𑻧	𑻧	ꤴ	ꤴ	ᮓ	ᮓ

Character information
Preview	ᜇ		ᝧ		ᝇ		ᜧ		𑴝
Unicode name	TAGALOG LETTER DA		TAGBANWA LETTER DA		BUHID LETTER DA		HANUNOO LETTER DA		MASARAM GONDI LETTER DA
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	5895	U+1707	5991	U+1767	5959	U+1747	5927	U+1727	72989	U+11D1D
UTF-8	225 156 135	E1 9C 87	225 157 167	E1 9D A7	225 157 135	E1 9D 87	225 156 167	E1 9C A7	240 145 180 157	F0 91 B4 9D
UTF-16	5895	1707	5991	1767	5959	1747	5927	1727	55303 56605	D807 DD1D
Numeric character reference	ᜇ	ᜇ	ᝧ	ᝧ	ᝇ	ᝇ	ᜧ	ᜧ	𑴝	𑴝

References

Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
"The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[6] The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.

[7] Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.

[8] Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script

[9] May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)

[10] The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.

[11] Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.

[12] May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)

[13] Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

[Ifrah-1] Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.

[Buhler-2] Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.

[3] Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838

[KNAB-4] Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

[5] "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

B

note