Dnieper campaign (2022–present)

Early in the Russian invasion, Ostriv Velykyi Potomkin, also known as Potemkin Island, came under Russian occupation during the Southern Ukraine campaign.

The Kinburn Spit was not occupied by Russian forces at the beginning of the war. Rather, four months later on 10 June 2022 Russian forces took the spit after overcoming resistance by Ukrainian forces there.[1][2] The Russian offensive was aided in part by the consistent bombardment of Ukrainian naval assets in Ochakiv in the month leading to the capture, making it difficult for Ukraine to resupply its troops there.[1] The capture of the spit was one of the last significant Russian military victories on the southern Ukrainian front in 2022.[2] Russia fortified the spit after capturing it,[3] and used it as a launching site for missile attacks against Ukrainian-held territory on the right bank of the river.[4]

In April 2022, the United Kingdom advised Ukrainian forces on the ground to "conduct beach reconnaissance" and locate "good landing locations" on the Kinburn Spit in the case of a future counterattack.[2] The first recorded reconnoiter came in September 2022 by the special forces of Ukraine in rigid inflatable boats.[2] Ukrainian assaults continued, including a successful strike on a Russian equipment grouping on 19 September,[5] and on an ammunition depot on 26 September,[6] which may have been a combat drone control and training center.[7] In October, the Ukrainian Navy's last big ship, Yuri Olefirenko, was seen firing rockets at Russian forces on or near the spit,[2] and on 25 October, another ammunition depot was destroyed.[3]

On the morning of September 1, Ukrainian forces attempted a landing across the Dnieper in the direction of the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Enerhodar, but Russian troops successfully repelled the attempt. In the following days and weeks, Ukrainian attempts at amphibious operations across the Dnieper intensified, especially in Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[8][9]

On the night of 19 October 2022, Ukraine attempted to retake the nuclear power plant again, but failed. The Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine and elite Ukrainian military units were involved in this operation, the latter including the Kraken Regiment, the Shaman Battalion and members of the Ukrainian International Legion.[10]

Ukrainian tanks in southern Ukraine during the counteroffensive

During the 2022 Kherson counteroffensive, Ukrainian forces gradually pushed Russian forces in Kherson and Mykolaiv oblasts completely off the land on the right bank of the Dnipro.[11] Ukrainian officials estimated half of the Russian soldiers had been withdrawn across the Dnieper by the evening of 10 November. In the early morning of 11 November, Russian infantrymen were seen walking across a pontoon bridge to the eastern shore. Ukrainian armour and columns closed in on Kherson proper as they moved past several towns, villages and suburbs. As Russian troops retreated across the Dnieper, Ukrainian troops went further into Kherson Oblast and surrounding areas.[12]

Later that day, Ukrainian forces fully liberated the city of Kherson and the rest of the right-bank.[13] This meant that all territory of Mykolaiv Oblast, save for the Kinburn Spit, was now recaptured by Ukraine.[14]

Also during the Kherson counteroffensive, Ukrainian troops landed on parts of Potemkin Island, but were repelled shortly after.[15]

Throughout early November 2022 immediately after the end of the Kherson offensive, there were reports that Ukrainian special operations forces had conducted limited small-boat landings on the Kinburn Spit.[16] On 14 November, Russian forces reportedly launched anti-aircraft missiles on ballistic trajectories at Ochakiv in an alleged attempt to disrupt Ukrainian fire control and to delay further attempts at landings.[17]

On 16 November, Ukraine's Operational Command South reported that their forces had carried out more than 50 strikes around the spit to disrupt Russian shelling and electronic warfare originating from the area.[18] The strikes reportedly killed 17 Russian troops and damaged 18 pieces of military equipment.[19][20] On 18 and 19 November, Ukrainian attacks on the spit continued, successfully targeting concentrations of Russian forces and equipment.[21][22] On 22 December, Volodymyr Saldo and another Russian source claimed that Ukrainian forces were regularly shelling Kinburn Spit with long-range artillery and had destroyed a Russian port building there as a result, but that repeated attempts to land on the spit were still being repelled by Russian forces.[23] Ukrainian reconnaissance activities reportedly continued on the Kinburn Spit into early 2023.[24][25][26]

On 3 December 2022, Ukrainian forces staged a limited incursion into the east bank of the river.[27] Soldiers from the Carlson air intelligence unit raised a Ukrainian flag on a port crane tower and liberated the surrounding territory.[28][29][30]

Potemkin Island has also been a site of continued fighting between the two sides.[31] On 7 December 2022, Ukrainian military officer of the Main Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine Ihor Oliinyk, commander of a reconnaissance unit operating in the Kherson area, was killed in combat on the island.[32][33] By 2 January 2023, Ukrainian forces appeared to have established some positions on the island.[34][35] By 12 May 2023, the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Ukrainian forces were operating in the southern portion of the island.[36]

Throughout 23–24 January 2023, Ukrainian forces landed on the left bank of the Dnipro near Nova Kakhovka during an overnight raid.[37] The ISW stated that the raid "indicates that Russian forces may not have full control over the entire eastern shoreline of the Dnipro River."[38] On 31 January 2023, Ukrainian forces landed on the left bank of the river again. They briefly established positions before Russian artillery forced them to leave.[39] The ISW reiterated that Russia may not have control over the shoreline, saying that Russian forces likely lacked full control over it.[40] The next day, on 1 February, Ukrainian reconnaissance elements were reported to be near Lake Kruhlyk.[41]

On April 23, the ISW assessed that Ukrainian forces had crossed the Dnieper river some time on April 20, or April 21, and that reports indicated they had liberated the small village of Dachi where the Antonivka Road Bridge spans the Dnipro, posing for photos in front of the entrance sign of Oleshky and returning to Dachi before Russian forces could respond.[42][43][44][45] The Associated Press has gone on to assess that the swampy Antonivsky island is under Ukrainian control.[46]

On 12 May, the ISW assessed that Ukrainian forces had taken control of Toloka Island and the Zburivsksyi Kut bay at the mouth of the river delta. Additionally, the ISW reported significant partisan activity in Hola Prystan and Oleshky against the Russian administrations there.[36]

Flooding downstream of the destroyed Kakhovka Dam

On June 6, 2023, the Kakhovka Dam in Nova Kakhovka was purposefully destroyed while under Russian control since March 2022. Experts assess that Russian forces likely blew the dam up.[47][48] Ukraine accused Russia of destroying the dam in an effort to hinder the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, while Russia denied its guilt, offered conflicting reports and blaming Ukraine.

Ostriv Velykyi Potomkin was partially submerged below the Dnipro river, necessitating the military forces of both sides to withdraw, and thereby temporarily ending fighting on it.[49]

Due to the destruction of the dam, water levels on the lower Dnieper rose about 5.31 meters, fully submerging the swampy islands in the delta, as well as the whole of Hola Prystan and most of Oleshky. The Russian controlled southern bank is a low lying swamp and floodplain while the northern bank that Ukraine controls is elevated, sparing it from the worst of the flooding.[50] In total, 108 settlements along the Dnieper flooded as the Kakhovka Reservoir continued to drain, with its water level dropping from 16.8 meters to 12.7.

Alongside the civilian cost of the flooding, Russia lost both men and material in the flooding, particularly the 7th Air Assault Division and elements of the 22nd Army Corps. In the aftermath of the flood, Russia withdrew its defensive positions between 5 and 15 kilometers further south, leaving the southern bank virtually undefended. Additionally, the Kinburn Spit has been separated from the mainland due to the flooding, becoming an island on which Ukrainian forces performed an amphibious landing on June 8.[51] Fighting continued until June 9.[52] The Kyiv Independent assessed that landings on the Kinburn Spit where diversionary attacks, meant to distract Russian forces, and draw them away from the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive and that any long term occupation of the Spit would be "impossible".[53]

Over the ten days after June 9, Russia started moving its Dnipro Group of Forces (DGF) from the eastern bank of the river to reinforce the Bakhmut and Zaporizhzhia sectors, according to the UK Ministry of Defence.[54]

On 1 July, renewed fighting commenced on the eastern bank of the Dnieper, as Ukrainian forces were reported by the UK Defense Ministry to have "almost certainly" re-deployed forces on the eastern bank. The UK Defense Ministry also reported a buildup of Russian soldiers around Kakhovka to improve defenses there.[55] Russian soldiers apparently made efforts to repel Ukrainian forces from the eastern bank, suffering heavy casualties on the way, according to Euromaidan Press.[56] By 2 July, fighting had intensified within the vicinity of the Antonivka bridge, according to Natalia Humeniuk. The fighting was considered at the time to consist primarily of counter-battery attacks.[57][58]

Ukrainian forces again landed on the left bank in August 2023. As of 14 August, they were in control of a "gradually widening" strip of bridgehead on the left bank. This especially includes areas north of Oleshky and west of Kozachi Laheri.

The UK Ministry of Defense reported that the Russian ministry of Defense was re-creating the WWII formation, the 18th Combined Arms Army, in an effort to consolidate their forces in southern Kherson oblast, with the core of the new formation being the 22nd Army Corps of the Russian Naval Infantry.[59]

Russian forces target Ukrainian settlements and civilians on the west bank of the Dnipro frequently and on 14 September, killed a 6 year old child in an artillery strike.[60] After this incident, Oleksandr Prokudin, the head of the Kherson Regional Military Administration ordered the evacuation of all families with children from 31 settlements along the Dnipro river.[61][62] On 15 September, Russian aviation accidentally bombed occupied Nova Kakhovka, killing one and injuring three of the city's inhabitants.[63][64]

Russian sources claimed that on the night of 17-18 October Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro and temporarily controlled and partially control the villages of Poima and Pishchanivka, respectively.[65] Additionally, Russian sources reported raids against Russian positions in the village of Krynky and on Kazatsky Island. The Russian sources stated that the attacks were perpetuated by the 35th and 36th Marine Brigades and that besides artillery bombardments, that no Russian force were sent to stem the bridgehead.[66]