Chromatin structure remodeling (RSC) complex

RSC (Remodeling the Structure of Chromatin) is a member of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler family. The activity of the RSC complex allows for chromatin to be remodeled by altering the structure of the nucleosome.[1]

There are four subfamilies of chromatin remodelers: SWI/SNF, INO80, ISW1, and CHD.[2] The RSC complex is a 15-subunit chromatin remodeling complex initially found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and is homologous to the SWI/SNF complex found in humans.[1] The RSC complex has ATPase activity in the presence of DNA.[1]

RSC Complex vs. SWI/SNF

While RSC and SWI/SNF are considered homologous, RSC is significantly more common than the SWI/SNF complex and it is required for mitotic cell division.[1] Without the RSC complex, cells would not survive.[1] RSC consists of 15 subunits, and at least three of these subunits are conserved between RSC and SWI/SNF.[1] RSC and SWI/SNF are composed of very similar components, such as the Sth1 components in RSC and the SWI2/Snf2p in SWI/SNF. Both of these components are ATPases that consist of Arp7 and Arp9, which are proteins that are similar to actin.[3] The subunits of Sth1 (Rsc6p, Rsc8p, and Sfh1p) are paralogues to the three subunits of SWI/SNF (Swp73p, Swi3p, and Snf5p). While there are many similarities between these two chromatin remodeling complexes, they remodel different parts of chromatin.[3] They also have opposing roles, specifically when interacting with the PHO8 promoter. RSC works to guarantee the placement of nucleosome N-3, while SWI/SNF attempts to override the placement of N-3.[4]

RSC and SWI/SNF complexes both function as chromatin remodeling complexes in humans (Homo sapiens) and the common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). SWI/SNF was first discovered when a genetic screen was done in yeast with a mutation causing a deficiency in mating-type switching (swi) and a mutation causing a deficiency in sucrose fermentation.[1] After this chromatin remodeling complex was discovered, the RSC complex was found when its components, Snf2 and Swi2p, were discovered to be homologous to the SWI/SNF complex.

Due to research done using BLAST (biotechnology), it is believed that the yeast RSC complex is even more similar to the human SWI/SNF complex than it is to the yeast SWI/SNF complex.[1]

The Role of RSC

The role of nucleosomes is a very important topic of research. It is known that nucleosomes interfere with the binding of transcription factors to DNA, therefore they can control transcription and replication. With the help of an in vitro experiment using yeast, it was discovered that RSC is required for nucleosome remodeling. There is evidence that RSC does not remodel the nucleosomes on its own; it uses information from enzymes to help position nucleosomes.

The ATPase activity of the RSC complex is activated by single-stranded, double-stranded, and/or nucleosomal DNA, while some of the other chromatin remodeling complexes are only stimulated by one of these DNA-types.[1]

The RSC complex (specifically Rsc8 and Rsc30) is crucial when fixing double-stranded breaks via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in yeast.[5] This repair mechanism is important for cell survival, as well for maintaining an organism's genome. These double-stranded breaks are typically caused by radiation, and they can be detrimental to the genome. The breaks can lead to mutations that reposition a chromosome and can even lead to the entire loss of a chromosome. The mutations associated with double-stranded breaks have been linked to cancer and other deadly genetic diseases.[5] RSC does not only repair double-stranded breaks by NHEJ, it also repairs this breaks using homologous recombination with the help of the SWI/SNF complex.[6] SWI/SNF is recruited first, prior to two homologous chromosomes bind, and then RSC is recruited to help complete the repair.[6]

Mechanism of Action in dsDNA

A single molecule study using magnetic tweezers and linear DNA observed that RSC generates DNA loops in vitro while simultaneously generating negative supercoils in the template.[7] These loops can consist of hundreds of base pairs, but the length depends on how tightly the DNA is wound, as well as how much ATP is present during this translocation.[7] Not only could RSC generate loops, but it was also able to relax these loops, meaning that the translocation of RSC is reversible.[7]

Hydrolysis of ATP allows the complex to translocate the DNA into a loop. RSC can release the loop either by translocating back to the original state at a comparable velocity, or by losing one of its two contacts.[7]

RSC components

The following is a list of RSC components that have been identified in yeast, their corresponding human orthologs, and their functions:

Yeast Human Function
RSC1 BAF180 DNA repair mechanisms, tumor suppressor protein [8]
RSC2 BAF180 DNA repair mechanisms, tumor suppressor protein [8]
RSC4 BAF180 DNA repair mechanisms, tumor suppressor protein [8]
RSC6 BAF60a Mitotic growth[9]
RSC8 BAF170, BAF155 Regulates cortical size/thickness,[10] tumor suppressor [11]

See also

References
  1. Cairns BR, Lorch Y, Li Y, Zhang M, Lacomis L, Erdjument-Bromage H, et al. (December 1996). "RSC, an essential, abundant chromatin-remodeling complex". Cell. 87 (7): 1249–60. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81820-6. PMID 8980231.
  2. Clapier CR, Iwasa J, Cairns BR, Peterson CL (July 2017). "Mechanisms of action and regulation of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complexes". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 18 (7): 407–422. doi:10.1038/nrm.2017.26. PMC 8127953. PMID 28512350.
  3. Tang L, Nogales E, Ciferri C (June 2010). "Structure and function of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes and mechanistic implications for transcription". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 102 (2–3): 122–8. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.05.001. PMC 2924208. PMID 20493208.
  4. Smith CL, Horowitz-Scherer R, Flanagan JF, Woodcock CL, Peterson CL (February 2003). "Structural analysis of the yeast SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex". Nature Structural Biology. 10 (2): 141–5. doi:10.1038/nsb888. PMID 12524530.
  5. Shim EY, Ma JL, Oum JH, Yanez Y, Lee SE (May 2005). "The yeast chromatin remodeler RSC complex facilitates end joining repair of DNA double-strand breaks". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (10): 3934–44. doi:10.1128/mcb.25.10.3934-3944.2005. PMC 1087737. PMID 15870268.
  6. Chai B, Huang J, Cairns BR, Laurent BC (July 2005). "Distinct roles for the RSC and Swi/Snf ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers in DNA double-strand break repair". Genes & Development. 19 (14): 1656–61. doi:10.1101/gad.1273105. PMC 1176001. PMID 16024655.
  7. Lia G, Praly E, Ferreira H, Stockdale C, Tse-Dinh YC, Dunlap D, et al. (February 2006). "Direct observation of DNA distortion by the RSC complex". Molecular Cell. 21 (3): 417–25. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.12.013. PMC 3443744. PMID 16455496.
  8. Hopson S, Thompson MJ (October 2017). "BAF180: Its Roles in DNA Repair and Consequences in Cancer". ACS Chemical Biology. 12 (10): 2482–2490. doi:10.1021/acschembio.7b00541. PMID 28921948.
  9. "RSC6 | SGD". www.yeastgenome.org. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  10. Tuoc TC, Boretius S, Sansom SN, Pitulescu ME, Frahm J, Livesey FJ, Stoykova A (May 2013). "Chromatin regulation by BAF170 controls cerebral cortical size and thickness". Developmental Cell. 25 (3): 256–69. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.04.005. PMID 23643363.
  11. DelBove J, Rosson G, Strobeck M, Chen J, Archer TK, Wang W, et al. (December 2011). "Identification of a core member of the SWI/SNF complex, BAF155/SMARCC1, as a human tumor suppressor gene". Epigenetics. 6 (12): 1444–53. doi:10.4161/epi.6.12.18492. PMC 3256333. PMID 22139574.
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