Glenoe dialect
The Glenoe dialect is an Ulster Scots dialect spoken in the Glenoe district in East Antrim, Northern Ireland.[1]
| Glenoe dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Northern Ireland |
| Region | Glenoe district in East Antrim |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive / affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | h | |
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ||||
| Approximant | central | voiced | r | j | w | |||
| voiceless | ʍ | |||||||
| lateral | l | ʎ | ||||||
- /n, t, d/ are realized as interdental [n̪, t̪, d̪] before /r/ and /ər/, as in try [t̪ɾɑe] 'try', cooter [ˈkʉt̪əɹ] 'coulter' and bederel [ˈbɛd̪əɾəl] 'bed-ridden invalid'. Before [t̪, d̪], /l/ also becomes interdental [l̪], as in helter [ˈhɛl̪t̪əɹ] 'halter'.[2] As these allophones are fully predictable, the diacritic is omitted elsewhere in the article.
- /p, t, k/ in word-medial and word-final positions, may be pronounced with a simultaneous glottal stop [ʔ] among speakers.[2]
- /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are phonetically alveolo-palatal sibilants articulated with spread lips [tɕ, dʑ, ɕ, ʑ].[2]
- /x/ has two allophones:
- Normally, it is a voiceless post-velar fricative with a simultaneous voiceless uvular trill [x̠͡ʀ̥] (hereafter written with a plain ⟨x⟩), much like Northern Dutch ⟨g⟩ in the word geel ⓘ 'yellow'.[2][3]
- After front vowels (such as /i/), it is realized as a voiceless post-palatal fricative [ç˗] (hereafter represented without the diacritic), similar to the German Ich-Laut, but slightly more back. This consonant also occurs as an allophone of the initial sequence /hj/, so that huge /hjʉdʒ/ 'huge' may be pronounced [çʉdʒ].[2]
- /r/ is normally an approximant [ɹ]. After /t, d, θ/, it is realized as a tap [ɾ]. This is also the case in the sequence /CərV/ (where /C/ stands for any of /n, t, d, θ, ð, l/), as in footery [ˈfʉtəɾe] 'clumsy'. In initial clusters after consonants other than /t, d, θ/, Gregg describes a realization intermediate between an approximant [ɹ] and a tap [ɾ], i.e. a brief non-sibilant fricative [ɾ̞] (as in brush [bɾ̞ʌʃ] 'brush').[2] Elsewhere in the article, this allophone is written with a plain ⟨ɾ⟩.
- /l/ is clear [l]. The velarized [ɫ] found in the syllable coda in RP (and also in other positions in Scotland and the United States) does not exist in Glenoe.[2]
Vowels
Vowels of Glenoe Scots, from Gregg (1953, Section 3 Phonetics)
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
| Close | i | ɨ | ʉ | o | ||
| Close-mid | e | ə | ||||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ | |||
| Open | ɐ | ɑ | ||||
| Diphthongs | əi əʉ ɔe ɑe | |||||
- Vowel length is governed by the Scottish vowel length rule and is therefore non-phonemic. /ɨ, ɐ, ʌ/ and the unstressed-only /ə/ are always short, whereas /e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o/ are normally long but can be shortened due to the SVLR. Conversely, both /i/ and /ʉ/ are normally short, but can be lengthened due to the SVLR.[2]
- /i, e, ɛ/ are slightly lower than the corresponding cardinal vowels, but the difference is not very big.[2]
- /ɨ/, a phonologically central vowel, is further front and more open than cardinal [ɨ]: [ɨ̟˕]. Before /r/, it is lengthened and slightly lowered to [ɘ̟ː] (transcribed with ⟨ɨː⟩ in this article).[2]
- /ʉ/, a phonologically central vowel, is further front than cardinal [ʉ] but not quite as front as the German /ʏ/ and /yː/. The long allophone is almost fully close [ʉ̟ː], but the short allophone is somewhat lower: [ʉ̟˕]. Before /r/, a long open [ʉ̟˕ː] is found to the exclusion of [ʉ̟ː].[2] For simplicity, both long allophones are written with ⟨ʉː⟩ in this article, whereas the short allophone is written with ⟨ʉ⟩.
- /o/ is more strongly rounded and closer than the cardinal [o]: [o̹˔]. It is similar in quality to Swedish and Norwegian /uː/.[2]
- In certain fused verb forms, /e/ is realized as [ɪ]. An example of that is hae tae [ˈhɪtə] 'have to' (cf. hae [heː] 'have'). It also occurs as an allophone of /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables (in e.g. Pawlish [ˈpɔːlɪʃ] 'Polish'). Its phonetic quality is similar to that of /ɨ/ but more front. It is close to the KIT vowel (/ɪ/) in RP.[2]
- /ə/ is close-mid [ɘ].[2]
- /ʌ, ɔ/ are near-back [ʌ̟, ɔ̟].[2]
- /ɐ/ is near-open near-front [ɐ̟]. It corresponds to English /ɪ/, which in most English dialects is much closer [ɪ]. However, a similar sound of an [ɐ̟] quality is used by some speakers of Ulster English.[2]
- /ɑ/ is near-back: [ɑ̟], much like RP /ɑː/.[2]
References
- Gregg (1953), Section 1 Foreword.
- Gregg (1953), Section 3 Phonetics.
- Collins & Mees (1982), pp. 5, 7.
Bibliography
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1982). "A phonetic description of the consonant system of Standard Dutch (ABN)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 12 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1017/S0025100300002358. JSTOR 44526677. S2CID 144910869.
- Gregg, Robert J. (1953). Smyth, Anne; Montgomery, Michael; Robinson, Philip (eds.). Phonology of an East Antrim Dialect. The Academic Study of Ulster Scots (Thesis).
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