Henley Passport Index

The Henley Passport Index (abbreviation: HPI) is a global ranking of countries according to the travel freedom allowed by those countries' ordinary passports for their citizens.[2] It started in 2006 as Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index (HVRI)[3] and was changed and renamed in January 2018.[4]

Henley Passport Index
Type of site
Passport guidance
Available inEnglish, Chinese, French, Spanish, Arabic and Russian
HeadquartersLondon[1]
Country of originUnited Kingdom
OwnerHenley & Partners
URLwww.henleypassportindex.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationNone
Launched2005 (2005)
Current statusOnline

The index annually ranks 199 passports of the world by the number of countries that their holders can travel to without visas.[5] The number of countries that a specific passport can access becomes its visa-free "score". In collaboration with the International Air Transport Association (IATA),[6] and using official data from their global database, Henley & Partners has analysed the visa regulations of almost all the world's countries and territories since 2006.[3][7]

Definition of the Index

The Henley Passport index (HPI) ranks passports according to the number of destinations that can be reached using a particular country's ordinary passport without the need of a prior visa ("visa-free").[8][9] The survey ranks 199 passports against 227 destination[10] countries, territories, and micro-states.[11][12][13]

All destinations that are in the IATA database are considered by the index. The IATA maintains a database of travel information worldwide.[14] However, because not all territories issue passports, there are far fewer passports ranked than destinations about which queries are made.[15]

Method

To determine the score for each country or territory,[16] its passport is checked against the IATA database in several steps:

  1. Each of the 199 passports on the list is checked against all 227 possible travel destinations for which travel restriction information exists in the IATA database. The score is updated throughout the year.
  2. Each query must satisfy certain conditions:
    • passport is issued in the country of nationality
    • passport holder is an adult citizen of the country that issued the passport and a lone traveller, not part of a tourist group
    • entry is sought for tourism or business
    • the stay is a minimum of three days
  3. Further conditions:
    • queries are made only for holders of normal passports, not diplomatic, service, emergency, or temporary passports; and other travel documents are disregarded
    • passport holders need not meet any complex requirements for entry (for example, possessing a government-issued letter, translations, or empty pages)
    • passport holders have all necessary vaccinations and certificates
    • passport holders are arriving at and departing from the same airport
    • passport holders are seeking a short stay rather than a transit
    • the port of entry is a major city or capital, in cases where this is required
    • requirements by the destination country or territory regarding a particular length of validity of passports are disregarded
    • passport holders meet all basic requirements for entry (for example, holding a hotel reservation or having proof of sufficient funds or return tickets)
    • advance passenger information and advance approval to board are not considered to be a visa requirement or travel restriction, neither is the requirement to pay airport tax
  4. If no visa is required for passport holders from a particular country or territory to enter the destination, then that passport scores 1. The passport also scores 1 if a visa on arrival, a visitor's permit, or an electronic travel authority (ETA) can be obtained because they do not require pre-departure government approval, perhaps because of specific visa-waiver programs in place.
  5. Where visas are needed, or where passport holders must get government-approved electronic visas (e-Visas) before departure, a score of 0 is given. If passport holders must get government approval before leaving in order to obtain a visa on arrival, this also scores 0.
  6. The score for each passport is then totalled by adding up its scores for all destinations.[17]
  7. The index ignores temporary restrictions or airspace closures.[18]
  8. It considers mobility data based on national GDPs and the percentage of global wealth that the country's passport could provide access to.[19]

Rankings

2023 Henley Passport Index

As of 8 September 2023, the Singaporean passport offers holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a total of 193 countries and territories, followed by the Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, South Korean, Spanish and Swedish passports, each offering 190 visa-free or visa-on-arrival countries and territories to its holders. These rankings were subsequently followed by the Austrian, Danish, Irish, Luxembourgeois and British passports, each offering visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel to 189 countries and territories.

Of the five countries of the Five Nations Passport Group (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States), the British passport offers highest visa-free or visa-on-arrival access (189 countries and territories), while the United States passport offers the lowest visa-free or visa-on-arrival access. In South America, the Chilean passport offers its holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 174 countries and territories, the highest in the region, followed by the Argentine passport which offers its holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 169 countries and territories and the Brazilian passport which offers its holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 168 countries.

An Afghan passport has once again been labelled by the index as the least powerful passport in the world, with its nationals only able to visit 27 destinations visa-free.[20][21] This was followed by the Iraqi passport at 29 destinations and the Syrian passport at 30 destinations.[22]

2023
rank
Passport issuing countryVisa-free
destinations
1  Singapore 193
2  Japan191
3  Finland190
 France190
 Germany190
 Italy190
 South Korea190
 Spain190
 Sweden190
4 Austria189
 Denmark189
 Ireland189
 Luxembourg189
 Netherlands189
 United Kingdom189
5 Belgium188
 Malta188
 Portugal188
 Norway188
6  Czech Republic187
 New Zealand187
 Poland187
  Switzerland187
7 Australia186
 Canada186
 Greece186
 Hungary186
8 Lithuania185
 United States185
9 Latvia184
 Slovakia184
 Slovenia184
10 Estonia183
11  Iceland182
12  Malaysia182
13  Cyprus180
 Liechtenstein180
14  United Arab Emirates179
15  Bulgaria177
 Romania177
16 Croatia176
 Monaco176
17 Chile175
18 Argentina173
19 San Marino172
20 Brazil171
19 Andorra170
 Hong Kong170
20 Brunei166
21 Barbados163
22 Israel159
 Mexico159
23 Bahamas156
24 Seychelles155
 Saint Kitts and Nevis155
25 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines154
  Vatican City154
26  Uruguay153
27  Costa Rica151
28 Antigua and Barbuda150
 Trinidad and Tobago150
29  Mauritius148
30 Grenada147
 Saint Lucia147
 Ukraine147
31 Macau144
 Panama144
 Taiwan144
32 Dominica143
 Paraguay143
33 Peru136
34  Serbia137
35  Guatemala136
36  Honduras134
37 Colombia132
 El Salvador132
 Solomon Islands132
38  Samoa131
39  Tonga130
40 Nicaragua127
 Tuvalu127
 Venezuela127
41  North Macedonia125
42  Montenegro124
44 Albania123
 Kiribati123
45  Marshall Islands122
46  Moldova120
47  Palau119
48 Bosnia and Herzegovina117
49 Micronesia116
50 Georgia115
51 Russia114
52 Turkey112
53 Belize104
54 Qatar103
55 South Africa102
56 Vanuatu101
57 Kuwait100
58 East Timor94
59 Ecuador92
60 Maldives91
61 Nauru89
62 Fiji88
63  Bahrain87
 Botswana87
64  Guyana86
 Jamaica86
65  Saudi Arabia83
66 Oman82
 Papua New Guinea82
67 China80
 Thailand80
68 Belarus79
69 Bolivia78
 Lesotho78
 Namibia78
70 Suriname77
71  Kazakhstan76
72 Indonesia75
 Eswatini75
73 Malawi74
74 Kenya73
75 Tanzania72
76 Tunisia70
 Zambia70
77  Azerbaijan69
 Dominican Republic69
 Gambia69
78  Uganda67
79 Philippines66
 Zimbabwe66
80 Armenia65
 Cape Verde65
 Morocco65
 Sierra Leone65
81 Ghana63
 Kyrgyzstan63
82 Cuba62
83 Mongolia61
 Mozambique61
 Rwanda61
84 Benin60
 India60
85 São Tomé and Príncipe59
 Tajikistan59
 Uzbekistan59
86  Mauritania58
87 Burkina Faso57
88 Gabon56
 Ivory Coast56
 Senegal56
89 Equatorial Guinea55
 Guinea55
 Madagascar55
 Vietnam55
90 Algeria54
 Cambodia54
 Togo54
91 Comoros53
 Jordan53
 Mali53
 Niger53
92  Bhutan52
 Central African Republic52
 Chad52
 Egypt52
 Guinea-Bissau52
 Turkmenistan52
93 Angola50
 Burundi50
 Cameroon50
 Laos50
94 Congo49
 Liberia49
95 Djibouti48
 Haiti48
96 Myanmar47
97 Ethiopia46
98 Eritrea45
 Nigeria45
 South Sudan45
99 Iran44
100 DR Congo42
 Sudan42
101  Kosovo41
 Lebanon41
102  Libya40
 North Korea40
 Sri Lanka40
103 Bangladesh39
104  Palestine38
105   Nepal36
106 Somalia35
107 Yemen34
108 Pakistan33
109 Syria30
110 Iraq29
111 Afghanistan27

2022 Henley Passport Index

As of 2022, a Japanese passport offers its holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a total of 193 countries and territories, with South Korean and Singapore passports each offering 192 visa-free or visa-on-arrival countries and territories to their holders.[23][24] An American passport offers its holders visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 186 countries and territories, with the British passport offering 187 visa-free or visa-on-arrival countries and territories to their holders. Canadian and Australian passports each offer their holders visa-free access to 185 countries and territories.[25]

An Afghan passport has once again been labelled by the index as the least powerful passport in the world, with its nationals only able to visit 27 destinations visa-free.[26]

2022
rank[27]
Passport issuing countryVisa-free
destinations
1  Japan193
2 Singapore192
 South Korea192
4 Germany190
 Spain190
6 Finland189
 Italy189
 Luxembourg189
9 Austria188
 Denmark188
 Netherlands188
 Sweden188
13 France187
 Ireland187
 Portugal187
 United Kingdom187
17 Belgium186
 New Zealand186
 Norway186
  Switzerland186
 United States186
22 Australia185
 Canada185
 Czech Republic185
 Greece185
 Malta185
27 Hungary183
28 Lithuania182
 Poland182
 Slovakia182
31 Estonia181
 Latvia181
 Slovenia181
34 Iceland180
35 Malaysia179
36 Liechtenstein178
37 Cyprus176
 United Arab Emirates176
39 Chile174
 Monaco174
 Romania174
42 Bulgaria173
 Croatia173
44 Hong Kong171
45 Argentina170
 Brazil170
47  San Marino169
48 Andorra168
49 Brunei166
50 Barbados163
51 Israel159
 Mexico159
53 Saint Kitts and Nevis157
54 Bahamas155
55  Vatican City154
56 Seychelles153
 Uruguay153
58 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines152
59 Antigua and Barbuda151
 Trinidad and Tobago151
61 Costa Rica150
62 Saint Lucia147
63 Grenada146
 Mauritius146
65 Dominica145
 Taiwan145
67 Macau144
 Ukraine144
69 Panama143
70 Paraguay142
71 Peru136
 Serbia136
73 El Salvador134
74 Guatemala133
 Honduras133
76 Colombia132
 Samoa132
 Solomon Islands132
79 Tonga130
 Venezuela129
81 Nicaragua128
 Tuvalu128
83 North Macedonia125
84 Kiribati124
 Montenegro124
86 Marshall Islands123
87 Moldova121
88 Palau120
89 Russia119
90 Bosnia and Herzegovina118
 Micronesia118
92 Georgia116
93 Albania115
94 Turkey110
95 South Africa105
96 Belize103
97 Qatar99
98 Vanuatu98
99 Kuwait96
100 East Timor94
101 Ecuador92
102 Nauru90
103 Fiji89
 Maldives89
105 Guyana88
106 Botswana87
 Jamaica87
108 Bahrain86
109 Papua New Guinea83
110 Oman81
 Saudi Arabia81
112 Bolivia80
 China80
114 Namibia79
 Thailand79
116 Belarus78
117 Lesotho77
 Suriname77
119 Kazakhstan76
120 Eswatini75
121 Malawi74
122 Indonesia72
 Kenya72
 Tanzania72
 Zambia72
126 Tunisia71
127 Azerbaijan70
 Dominican Republic70
129 Gambia69
130 Cape Verde67
 Philippines67
 Uganda67
133 Armenia66
 Zimbabwe66
135 Cuba65
 Ghana65
 Morocco65
138 Kyrgyzstan64
 Sierra Leone64
140 Mozambique63
141 Benin62
 Mongolia62
143 Rwanda61
 São Tomé and Príncipe61
145 India60
 Mauritania60
 Tajikistan60
148 Burkina Faso59
 Uzbekistan59
150 Gabon58
151 Ivory Coast57
 Senegal57
153 Equatorial Guinea56
 Madagascar56
155 Guinea55
 Mali55
 Togo55
 Vietnam55
159 Bhutan54
 Cambodia54
 Chad54
 Comoros54
 Niger54
164 Algeria53
 Central African Republic53
 Egypt53
 Guinea-Bissau53
 Jordan53
 Turkmenistan53
170 Angola51
 Burundi51
 Cameroon51
 Laos51
174 Liberia50
175 Congo49
 Haiti49
177 Djibouti48
178 Myanmar47
179 Ethiopia46
 Nigeria46
181 Eritrea44
 South Sudan44
183 Iran43
184 DR Congo42
 Lebanon42
 Sri Lanka42
 Sudan42
188 Bangladesh41
 Kosovo41
 Libya41
191 North Korea40
192   Nepal38
 Palestine38
194 Somalia35
195 Yemen34
196 Pakistan32
197 Syria30
198 Iraq29
199 Afghanistan27

2006–2015

A number of Asian and European countries are notable for their stability over the past decade, and Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Japan, Singapore, Spain, and Sweden all remain in exactly the same position as 10 years before. The 'Top 10s' were almost identical, with 30 countries in 2015, compared to 26 a decade before. While Liechtenstein dropped, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Malta, Slovakia, and South Korea all made it into the top 10.

Taiwan, Albania, the United Arab Emirates, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia all moved up more than 20 places in the Henley & Partners Visa Restrictions Index over the period, while the biggest drops were experienced by Guinea (−32), Liberia (−33), Sierra Leone (−35), and Bolivia (−37).

Older rankings

In the table below, the "access" columns denote the number of visa-free destinations for holders of that passport. Unless indicated otherwise, the data in this table is taken from these sources.[27][28]

Country 2020
rank
2020
access
2019
rank
2010
rank
2006
rank
 Japan 1191 1 6 3
 Singapore 2190 1 11 8
 Germany 3189 2 5 2
 South Korea 3189 2 13 11
 Finland 4188 2 4 1
 Italy 4188 3 5 3
 Luxembourg 4188 3 4 3
 Spain 4188 4 6 4
 Austria 5187 5 8 6
 Denmark 5187 3 2 1
 France 6186 4 5 3
 Ireland 6186 6 7 2
 Netherlands 6186 5 5 5
 Portugal 6186 5 8 7
 Sweden 6186 4 3 2
 Belgium 7185 6 6 4
  Switzerland 7185 6 10 4
 Norway 7185 6 7 4
 United Kingdom 7185 6 1 3
 United States 7185 6 7 1
 Czech Republic 8184 7 18 21
 Greece 8184 6 12 9
 Malta 8184 7 15 11
 New Zealand 8184 8 9 6
 Australia 9183 9 9 9
 Canada 9183 6 9 6
 Hungary 10182 10 18 19
 Lithuania 11181 9 19 24
 Poland 11181 13 16 16
 Slovakia 11181 9 17 22
 Iceland 12180 10 13 9
 Latvia 12180 10 20 26
 Slovenia 12180 10 17 17
 Estonia 13179 11 19 26
 Liechtenstein 14178 12 14 10
 Malaysia 14178 12 13 9
 Monaco 15175 14 21 15
 Chile 16174 13 27 14
 Cyprus 16174 14 18 12
 Romania 17172 16 22 34
 Bulgaria 18171 17 25 29
 Argentina 19170 17 26 19
 Brazil 19170 17 28 20
 Croatia 19170 18 35 28
 Hong Kong 19170 18 19 13
 United Arab Emirates 19170 15 65 62
 San Marino 20168 19 23 14
 Andorra 21167 20 27 20
 Brunei 22166 21 24 19
 Barbados 23161 22 29 35
 Israel 24160 22 25 18
 Mexico 25159 23 32 21
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 26156 24 31 40
 Bahamas 27155 24 30 35
 Uruguay 28153 25 34 20
 Antigua and Barbuda 29151 28 33 39
 Seychelles 29151 26 39 46
 Costa Rica 30150 27 37 23
 Trinidad and Tobago 30150 29 45 36
  Vatican City 31149 29 39
 Mauritius 32148 30 40 46
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 32148 31 47 38
 Saint Lucia 33146 31 46 39
 Taiwan 33146 31 69 55
 Macau 34144 33 44 35
 Grenada 35143 32 49 41
 Paraguay 36142 32 39 30
 Panama 37141 34 41 30
 Dominica 38140 35 51 46
 Peru 39135 36 58 56
 El Salvador 40134 37 42 31
 Honduras 40134 37 42 32
 Serbia 40134 39 47 64
 Guatemala 41133 38 42 30
 Samoa 42131 39 53 49
 Solomon Islands 42131 40 52 44
 Vanuatu 43130 40 55 51
 Nicaragua 44129 41 43 33
 Ukraine 44129 43 65 64
 Venezuela 44129 38 36 25
 Colombia 45127 43 73 64
 Tuvalu 45127 42 54 48
 Tonga 46125 44 57 52
 Montenegro 47124 46 48
 North Macedonia 47124 45 46
 Kiribati 48122 46 56 49
 Marshall Islands 48122 46 66 61
 Moldova 49120 47 66
 Palau 50119 47 70
 Micronesia 51118 47 69
 Russia 51118 48 49 62
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 52117 49 74 71
 Georgia 53116 50 72 68
 Albania 54114 51 78 79
 Turkey 55111 52 46 46
 Belize 56101 54 50 42
 South Africa 56101 53 47 37
 Kuwait 5795 56 58 58
 Qatar 5795 57 63 60
 East Timor 5795 55 85
 Ecuador 5891 58 64 56
 Nauru 5989 60 56 54
 Fiji 6088 59 57 51
 Guyana 6088 60 57 45
 Jamaica 6186 61 56 45
 Botswana 6285 62 60 50
 Maldives 6285 61 56 52
 Papua New Guinea 6384 62 59 56
 Bahrain 6482 63 62 59
 Oman 6579 64 68 61
 Bolivia 6678 65 67 29
 Suriname 6678 65 66 57
 Thailand 6678 66 69 67
 Namibia 6777 67 62 56
 Saudi Arabia 6777 69 71 65
 Kazakhstan 6876 68 73 68
 Belarus 6975 67 72 64
 Lesotho 6975 69 64 47
 China 7074 72 88 78
 Eswatini 7074 70 65 52
 Malawi 7173 71 64 50
 Kenya 7272 72 64 52
 Indonesia 7371 73 84 67
 Tanzania 7371 75 68 56
 Zambia 7371 73 65 53
 Tunisia 7469 75 67 59
 Gambia 7568 74 61 45
 Azerbaijan 7667 76 76 68
 Philippines 7667 77 73 63
 Uganda 7667 76 70 58
 Cape Verde 7766 76 73
 Dominican Republic 7865 78 77 71
 Ghana 7865 77 67 53
 Zimbabwe 7865 78 70 56
 Cuba 7964 77 78 69
 Morocco 7964 80 76 66
 Armenia 8063 81 76 69
 Kyrgyzstan 8063 80 74 68
 Sierra Leone 8063 79 64 51
 Benin 8162 80 73 61
 Mozambique 8162 81 82 74
 Mongolia 8162 80 82 72
 São Tomé and Príncipe 8261 81 83 74
 Rwanda 8360 84 87 73
 Burkina Faso 8459 83 76 62
 Mauritania 8459 83 40 58
 India 8558 82 77 71
 Tajikistan 8558 84 77 69
 Gabon 8657 85 85 72
 Ivory Coast 8657 84 72
 Uzbekistan 8657 85 80 72
 Senegal 8756 86 76 60
 Equatorial Guinea 8855 89 89 76
 Guinea 8855 85 75 60
 Madagascar 8855 87 83 71
 Togo 8855 86 76 62
 Cambodia 8954 88 87 79
 Mali 8954 87 75 59
 Niger 8954 87 76 60
 Vietnam 8954 90 84 78
 Bhutan 9053 89 83 77
 Chad 9053 88 82
 Comoros 9053 88 89
 Guinea-Bissau 9053 87 79 63
 Turkmenistan 9053 90 86 77
 Central African Republic 9152 90 81 68
 Algeria 9251 91 79 73
 Jordan 9251 92 97 75
 Angola 9350 92 92 77
 Burundi 9350 93 89 78
 Egypt 9350 92 84
 Laos 9350 92 85 76
 Cameroon 9449 92 85 70
 Haiti 9449 92 85 74
 Liberia 9449 93 82 65
 Congo 9548 94 85 69
 Djibouti 9647 95 91 77
 Myanmar 9647 95 92 81
 Nigeria 9746 95 76 62
 Ethiopia 9844 97 92 78
 South Sudan 9943 97
 DR Congo 10042 97 90
 Eritrea 10042 99 93 76
 Sri Lanka 10042 96 84 74
 Bangladesh 10141 99 85 68
 Iran 10141 99 92 82
 Kosovo 10240 98 89
 Lebanon 10240 100 94 79
 Sudan 10240 102 96 79
 North Korea 10339 100 90 78
 Libya 10438 100 87 77
   Nepal 10438 101 88 76
 Palestine 10438 102 97
 Somalia 10533 104 95 81
 Yemen 10533 103 88 78
 Pakistan 10632 104 90 79
 Syria 10729 105 87 80
 Iraq 10828 106 97 81
 Afghanistan 10926 107 98 83

See also

References

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  4. Andrejevic, Mark and Volcic, Zala (2016). Commercial Nationalism: Selling the Nation and Nationalizing the Sell. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 9781137500984
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  19. Klawans, Justin. "10 of the world's most powerful passports". The Week.
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Further reading

  • Bai, Jianyin; Chen, Yin; Long, Yong (2021). "The structural equivalence of tourism cooperative network in the Belt and Road Initiative Area". Environmental Research. 197: 111043. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111043.
  • Bagchi, Pushpi (2021). "The Politics of a Passport to Design Practice". Perspectives on Design and Digital Communication II: Research, Innovations and Best Practices. Springer International Publishing. pp. 273–287. ISBN 978-3-030-75867-7.
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