Visa requirements for Turkish citizens

Visa requirements for Turkish citizens are administrative entry obligations by the authorities of other states placed on Turkey. As of 13 April 2023, Turkish citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 123 countries and territories, ranking the Turkish passport 51st in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1][2]

A Turkish passport

The tables indicate visa requirements for normal passport holders for tourism and other visiting purposes but do not imply entry for work, journalism, etc. Most of the countries below which are labelled as "not requiring visa", request a valid return ticket, documents for confirmed accommodation arrangements and evidence of adequate funds for self-support.

Visa requirements map
Visa requirements for holders of Turkish normal passports
  Republic of Turkey
  Visa not required
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements
Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[3]
 Albania Visa not required[4] 90 days
 Algeria Visa required[5]
 Andorra Visa required[6] 90 days
  • Because this landlocked country has no airport of its own, you need to arrive in France or Spain first and visas are required to enter into these countries.
 Angola Visa not required[7] 30 days
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[8] 180 days
 Argentina Visa not required[9] 90 days
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[10] 120 days
 Australia Visa required[11]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[12]
 Austria Visa required[13]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Azerbaijan Visa not required[15][16] 90 days
  • ID card valid[17]
  • If staying more than 15 days, visitors staying outside hotels must register with local police.
 Bahamas Visa not required[18] 8 months
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[19] 14 days
  • May apply for eVisa.
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[20] 30 days
 Barbados Visa not required[21] 6 months
 Belarus Visa not required[22] 30 days
 Belgium Visa required[23]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Belize Visa not required[25] 90 days
 Benin eVisa[26][27] 30 days
 Bhutan eVisa[28][29]
 Bolivia Visa not required[30] 90 days
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[31] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 Botswana Visa not required[32] 90 days
 Brazil Visa not required[33] 90 days
 Brunei Visa not required[34] 30 days
 Bulgaria Visa required[35]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid visa for Cyprus, Romania or a Schengen Member State.[36]
 Burkina Faso eVisa required[37][38]
 Burundi Visa on arrival[39] 1 month[40]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[41] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[42]
 Cameroon eVisa[43][44]
 Canada Visa required[45]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[46]
 Central African Republic Visa required[47]
 Chad Visa required[48]
 Chile Visa not required[49] 90 days
 China Visa required[50]
 Colombia Visa not required[51] 90 days
  • 90 days - extendable up to 180-day stay within a one-year period
 Comoros Visa on arrival[52] 45 days
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[53]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo eVisa[54][55] 7 days
 Costa Rica Visa not required[56] 90 days
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[57] 3 months
 Croatia Visa required[58]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Cuba Tourist card required[59] 90 days
  • Can be extended up to 90 days with a fee.
 Cyprus Visa required[60]
 Czech Republic Visa required[61]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Denmark Visa required[62]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Djibouti eVisa[63] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[64] 21 days
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[65] 90 days
 Ecuador Visa not required[66] 90 days
 Egypt Visa on arrival[67]
  • Visa not required when travelling as part of the tourist group that consists of at least 10 persons.
  • Egypt starts issuing Visa on Arrival to Turkish Citizens.[68]
 El Salvador Visa not required[69] 3 months
 Equatorial Guinea Visa not required[70] 90 days
 Eritrea Visa required[71]
 Estonia Visa required[72]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Eswatini Visa not required[73] 30 days
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[74] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[75] 4 months
 Finland Visa required[76]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 France Visa required[77]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Gabon eVisa[78] 90 days
 Gambia Visa required[80]
 Georgia Visa not required[81] 360 days[82]
 Germany Visa required[84]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Ghana Visa required[85]
 Greece Visa required[86]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Grenada Visa required[87]
 Guatemala Visa not required[88] 90 days
 Guinea eVisa[89][90] 90 days
 Guinea-Bissau Visa on arrival[91]
 Guyana Visa required[92]
 Haiti Visa not required[93] 90 days
 Honduras Visa not required[94] 3 months
 Hungary Visa required[95]
 Iceland Visa required[96]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 India Visa required[97]
 Indonesia e-VOA / Visa on arrival[98] 30 days[99][100]
 Iran Visa not required[101] 3 months
 Iraq eVisa[102][103]
 Ireland Visa required[104]
  • May transit without a visa.[105]
  • National visa may be substituted with a UK C visa holders. Entry permitted only if first point of entry to the Common Travel Area is in the UK.[106][107]
 Israel Visa required[108]
  • Visa may be issued free of charge to Turkish citizens at Israeli diplomatic missions.[109]
 Italy Visa required[110]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Jamaica Visa not required[111] 90 days
 Japan Visa not required[112] 90 days
 Jordan Visa not required[113] 3 months
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[114] 30 days
 Kenya eVisa[115][116] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa required[117]
 North Korea Visa required[118]
 South Korea Electronic Travel Authorization[119] 90 days
  • The validity period of a K-ETA is 3 years from the date of approval.[120]
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[121] 3 months
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[122] 30 days
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[123][124] 30 days
 Latvia Visa required[125]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Lebanon Free visa on arrival[126] 1 months
  • Extendable for 1 additional month
  • Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 Lesotho eVisa[127][128]
 Liberia Visa required[129]
 Libya Visa required[130]
  • An authorization by the airport passport control is required when arriving without a visa.[130]
 Liechtenstein Visa required[131]
 Lithuania Visa required[132]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Luxembourg Visa required[133]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[134] 90 days
 Malawi eVisa[135][136] 90 days
 Malaysia Visa not required[137] 3 months
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[138] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[139]
 Malta Visa required[140]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[141] 90 days
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[142]
 Mauritius Visa not required[143] 90 days
 Mexico Electronic Authorization System[144] 180 days
  • 180 days visa free if holding a valid visa for Canada, Japan, USA, United Kingdom or a Schengen Member State.[145]
 Micronesia Visa not required[146] 30 days
 Moldova Visa not required[147] 90 days
 Monaco Visa required[149]
 Mongolia Visa not required[150] 30 days
 Montenegro Visa not required[151] 90 days
 Morocco Visa not required[152] 3 months
 Mozambique eVisa / Visa on arrival[153][154] 30 days
 Myanmar eVisa[155] 28 days
 Namibia Visa on arrival[156]
 Nauru Visa required[157]
   Nepal eVisa / Visa on arrival[158][159] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa required[160]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 New Zealand Visa required[161]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[162]
 Nicaragua Visa not required[163] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[164]
 Nigeria eVisa[165][166] 90 days
 North Macedonia Visa not required[167] 60 days
 Norway Visa required[168]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Oman Visa not required[169] 14 days
 Pakistan ETA / Online Visa[170] 30 days / 3 months
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for tourism purposes.[171]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[172]
  • Online Visa eligible.[173]
 Palau Visa on arrival[174] 30 days
 Panama Visa not required[175] 180 days
 Papua New Guinea Visa required[176]
 Paraguay Visa not required[177] 90 days
 Peru Visa not required[178][179] 183 days
 Philippines Visa not required[180][181] 30 days
 Poland Visa required[182]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Portugal Visa required[183]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Qatar Visa not required[184] 90 days
 Romania Visa required[185]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
  • Visa not required if holding a valid visa for Bulgaria, Cyprus or a Schengen Member State.[186]
 Russia eVisa[187][188] 16 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive and departure via 29 checkpoints.
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[189] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[190] 3 months
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[191] 6 weeks
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[192] 3 month
 Samoa Free entry permit on arrival[193] 60 days
 San Marino Visa required[194]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[195] 15 days[196][197]
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[198] 90 days
 Senegal Visa on arrival[199][200] 90 days
 Serbia Visa not required[201] 90 days
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[203] 3 months
 Sierra Leone eVisa / Visa on arrival[204][205][206] 3 months / 30 days
 Singapore Visa not required[207] 30 days
 Slovakia Visa required[208]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Slovenia Visa required[204]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
 Solomon Islands Visa required[209]
 Somalia Visa on arrival[210] 30 days
 South Africa Visa not required[211] 30 days
 South Sudan eVisa[212][213]
  • Obtainable online[214]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[214]
 Spain Visa required[215]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Sri Lanka ETA / Visa on arrival[216] 30 days[217]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization can also be obtained on arrival.[218]
  • 30 days[219] extendable to 6 months.[217]
 Sudan Visa on arrival[220] 1 month
  • Only if arriving directly from Turkey.
 Suriname Visa not required[221] 90 days
  • An entrance fee of 25 USD or 25 Euros must be paid online prior to arrival.[222]
  • Multiple entry eVisa is also available.[223]
 Sweden Visa required[224]
  • May transit through airside without a visa.[14]
  Switzerland Visa required[225]
  • Holders of Turkish ordinary passports who hold a valid visa for a Member State of the European Economic Area, Canada, Japan, Switzerland or the United States or; hold a valid residence permit issued by a Member State of the European Economic Area and Switzerland or; hold a residence permit issued by Andorra, Canada, Japan, Republic of San Marino, or the United States, that guarantees unrestricted right of return or; are a family member of a citizen of the EEA member or Switzerland or; are a flight crew may be exempt from the airport transit visa requirement.[24][14]
 Syria Visa required[226][227][228][229]
  • De-Facto Visa not required but even if you have a valid visa, your entry can be denied.
 Tajikistan Visa not required[230] 30 days
  • Visa also available online.
  • E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[231]
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[232][233] 3 months
 Thailand Visa not required[234] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[235] 30 days
 Togo eVisa[236][237] 15 days
 Tonga Visa on arrival[238] 31 days
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[239] 90 days
 Tunisia Visa not required[240] 3 months
 Turkmenistan Visa required[241]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[242] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa[243] 3 months
  • Determined at the port of entry.
  • May apply online.[244]
 Ukraine Visa not required[245] 90 days
 United Arab Emirates Visa required[247]
  • May apply using 'Smart service'.[248]
 United Kingdom Visa required[249]
 United States Visa required[251]
  • Tourist visas are issued with validity of up to 10 years.[252]
 Uruguay Visa not required[253] 90 days
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[254] 30 days
 Vanuatu Visa not required[255] 30 days
  Vatican City Visa required[256]
 Venezuela Visa not required[257] 90 days
 Vietnam[258][259] eVisa
 Yemen Visa required[262]
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[263] 90 days
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[264] 3 months

Dependent, disputed, or restricted territories

Visa requirements for Turkish citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:

Africa
Asia

[284]

Caribbean and North Atlantic
  •  Anguilla — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Canada, USA or United Kingdom visa.[286]
  •  Aruba — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[287]
  • Netherlands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[288]
  •  Bermuda — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US, UK or Canada visa.[289]
  •  British Virgin Islands — Visa not required - 30 days.[290]
  •  Cayman Islands — Visa required. Possible to visit with US Green Card if arriving directly from USA.[291]
  •  Colombia — Visitors arriving at San Andrés must buy tourist cards on arrival.[292]
  •  Curacao — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit .[293]
  •  Montserrat — Visa required - eVisa Application Possible. Possible to visit with a multiple entry EU Member State, Canada or USA visa.[294]
  •  Greenland — Visa required.[295]
  • Venezuela Margarita Island — All visitors are fingerprinted.[296]
  •  Puerto Rico — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US visa [297]
  •  Saint Barthelemy — Visa required. Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[298]
  •  Saint Martin — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[298]
  •  Saint Pierre and Miquelon — Visa required. Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[298]
  •  Sint Maarten — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry Schengen visa or an EU residence permit.[299]
  •  Turks and Caicos Islands — Visa not required [300]
  •  U.S. Virgin Islands — Visa required - Possible to visit with a multiple entry US visa [301]
Europe
Oceania
South America
  • Galápagos — Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[340]
South Atlantic and Antarctica

Non-ordinary passports

In addition to countries that provide visa-free access to all Turkish passport holders, holders of diplomatic or service Turkish passports have visa-free access to the following additional countries:

Type of passportVisa-free access
Diplomatic passports onlyAfghanistan, Bangladesh, Burundi, Chad, Ghana, Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, Mexico, Niger, Nigeria, Uganda, United Kingdom,[360] Zimbabwe
Diplomatic, special and service passportsAlgeria, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cape Verde, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands (including the Caribbean), Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,[361] Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Vatican City, Vietnam, Yemen

Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Cambodia and South Sudan allow holders of diplomatic, official, service and special passports issued to nationals of any country to obtain a visa on arrival. Yemen allows holders of diplomatic and service passports of Turkey to obtain a visa on arrival.

Some of the countries that exempt Turkish citizens from visa requirement offer longer period of stay or more beneficial terms to diplomatic or service passport holders than to the ordinary passport holders.

Consular protection of Turkish citizens abroad
Map of countries with Turkish representations

There are 142 resident embassies, 89 consulates and Total of 235 states that recognise Turkey.

See also List of diplomatic missions of Turkey.

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[362] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination
Main articles: Vaccination requirements for international travel, International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, and Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[363] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[364]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[365][366]

An increasing number of countries have been imposing additional COVID-19 related health restrictions such as quarantine measures and testing requirements. Many countries increasingly consider the vaccination status of travellers with regard to quarantine requirements or when deciding to allow them entry at all.[367]

Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[368][369] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[370]

Some countries, such as Japan,[371] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[372] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[373] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[374] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[375] Philippines,[376] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[377]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[378] and South Africa.

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[379] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata
Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[380]

For example, Azerbaijan bans visits by foreign citizens that have previously entered Azerbaijan through non-Azerbaijani controlled borders. This includes the illegal entry into the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[381] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding Armenian-occupied territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[382] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[383] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Israeli stamps
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[384] Lebanon,[385] Libya,[386] Syria,[387] and Yemen[388] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics
See also: Countries applying biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[389]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[390][391] Argentina,[392] Brunei, Cambodia,[393] China,[394] Ethiopia,[395] Ghana, Guinea,[396] India, Japan,[397][398] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[399] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[400] Mongolia, Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[401] Singapore, South Korea,[402] Taiwan, Thailand,[403] Uganda,[404] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by domestic legislation),[405][406][407] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[408]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[409] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[410][411] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[412] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[413][414]

See also

References and Notes
References
  1. "Passport Index".
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